Updated/Latest McCance and Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition 2025–2026 Comprehensive Test Bank Questions and Answers for Advanced Pathophysiology Examination Preparation Nursing Medical and Healthc

Test Bank For Pathophysiology 9th Edition McCance The Biologic
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Basis for Disease in Adults and Children By Julia Rogers
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TEST BANK L

,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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McCance/Huether: Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis of Disease in Adults and Children, 9th Edition
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MULTIPLE CHOICE L




1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. L L L



b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
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c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
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d. Cells can synthesize fats. L L L




ANS: C L



In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
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surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
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metabolic absorption.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
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2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
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a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C L



The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of
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the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its
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activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
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Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes
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function as the intracellular digestive system.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
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3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
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hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
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a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B L




Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
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hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a
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powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
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Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
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and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
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complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and
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contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
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lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off
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from the cellular membrane.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
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4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
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L injury?

, a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex L



c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum L L



d. Lysosomes
ANS: D L



The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
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within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
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Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
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lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular
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self-digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein
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synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often
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located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid
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hormone production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering L L L




5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
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a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction L L L L L L



b. Secretion of cortisol L L



c. Increased retention of water L L L



d. Breakdown of fat L L




ANS: C L



Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
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increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
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Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering L L L




6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B L




The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
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period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S
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= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during
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which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA
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synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and
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cytoplasmic division.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering L L




7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
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receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
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a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C L



Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for
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electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the “glue” holding cell
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membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in
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cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
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, PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering L L




8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug
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therapy for which human diseases?
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a. Cardiac and vascular disorders L L L



b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders L L L



c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders L L L



d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders L L L




ANS: B L



Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
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interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,
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including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,
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gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering L L




9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
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L membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains L



b. Glycoprotein channels L



c. Membrane channel proteins L L



d. Lipid bilayer L




ANS: D L




The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is
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impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
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water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier
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to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules,
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such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
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Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent
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water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering L L




10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractoryperiod of the action potential.
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L What response by the professor is best?
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a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
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b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
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c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
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d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
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ANS: B L



During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke
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another response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the
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relative refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A
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hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a
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response.
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PTS: L L 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering L L




11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with
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other cells in direct physical contact?
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a. Protein channel (gap junction) L L L



b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules L L L



c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters L L L L



d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands L L L L L