1. Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what?
Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest
2. The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing which
of the following? (select all that apply)
A. Decreasing mucous production
B. Increasing blood sugar levels
C. Increasing body temperature
D. Decreasing sweat excretion
E. Increasing blood pressure
Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood pressure
In general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned with the
protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and BP.
3. Review: the sympathetic system is all about what?
It’s all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles, decreased
release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs.
4. Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction?
Level of consciousness
LOC is the most critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An
alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or deterioration of a person’s
condition.
5. Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain?
Prefrontal lobe
The prefrontal area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability to
concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and inhibition
on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
6. Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects?
Broca area in the frontal lobe
Broca speech area is the only region responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
7. Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in which area of the
brain?
Basal ganglia
https://www.stuvia.com/user/mboffin
, 8. Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral
patterns are main functions of which area of the brain?
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas: 1) maintenance of a constant internal
environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns.
9. What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral
states?
Limbic system and prefrontal cortex
10. Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing,
swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain?
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion of the
brainstem.
11. Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious
muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture?
Cerebellum
12. The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output?
20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute
13. What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to the
hypothalamus? (select all that apply)
A. Uneven expression of mood
B. Unstable blood glucose levels
C. Poor regulation of body temperature
D. Visual disturbances such as blurred vision
E. N/V and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temp regulation
The hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon. Hypothalamic function controls
autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp, endocrine function
(glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression.
14. What is the first defense of our bodies?
Skin and mucous membranes
https://www.stuvia.com/user/mboffin
, 15. Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection,
and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
16. What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection?
Edema (tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar).
There is a 5th sign known as loss of function (functio laesa) but Dr. Wunderlich did not
mention this.
17. Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection?
Leukocytes
18. What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the
vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for
inflammation-induced edema.
19. What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
Vasodilation of blood vessels
The increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red
cells at the site of inflammation cause locally increased warmth and redness.
20. The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by?
Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation.
NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site
of inflammation.
21. What is pain mediated by?
Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
22. The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:
https://www.stuvia.com/user/mboffin
Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest
2. The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing which
of the following? (select all that apply)
A. Decreasing mucous production
B. Increasing blood sugar levels
C. Increasing body temperature
D. Decreasing sweat excretion
E. Increasing blood pressure
Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood pressure
In general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned with the
protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and BP.
3. Review: the sympathetic system is all about what?
It’s all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles, decreased
release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs.
4. Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction?
Level of consciousness
LOC is the most critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An
alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or deterioration of a person’s
condition.
5. Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain?
Prefrontal lobe
The prefrontal area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability to
concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and inhibition
on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
6. Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects?
Broca area in the frontal lobe
Broca speech area is the only region responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
7. Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in which area of the
brain?
Basal ganglia
https://www.stuvia.com/user/mboffin
, 8. Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral
patterns are main functions of which area of the brain?
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas: 1) maintenance of a constant internal
environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns.
9. What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral
states?
Limbic system and prefrontal cortex
10. Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing,
swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain?
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion of the
brainstem.
11. Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious
muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture?
Cerebellum
12. The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output?
20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute
13. What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to the
hypothalamus? (select all that apply)
A. Uneven expression of mood
B. Unstable blood glucose levels
C. Poor regulation of body temperature
D. Visual disturbances such as blurred vision
E. N/V and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temp regulation
The hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon. Hypothalamic function controls
autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp, endocrine function
(glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression.
14. What is the first defense of our bodies?
Skin and mucous membranes
https://www.stuvia.com/user/mboffin
, 15. Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection,
and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
16. What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection?
Edema (tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar).
There is a 5th sign known as loss of function (functio laesa) but Dr. Wunderlich did not
mention this.
17. Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection?
Leukocytes
18. What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the
vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for
inflammation-induced edema.
19. What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
Vasodilation of blood vessels
The increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red
cells at the site of inflammation cause locally increased warmth and redness.
20. The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by?
Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation.
NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site
of inflammation.
21. What is pain mediated by?
Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
22. The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:
https://www.stuvia.com/user/mboffin
