INTERNATIONAL LAW 2026 EXAM PAPER
SOLUTIONS GRADED PLUS
◉ Nulla poena sine lege
Answer: Meaning 'no punishment without law,' this principle
ensures that legal punishments cannot be applied retroactively.
◉ Individual criminal responsibility
Answer: The principle that individuals, including political and
military leaders, can be held accountable for breaches of
international criminal law.
◉ Complementarity
Answer: The guiding principle of the ICC stating that the
international tribunal should complement, rather than replace,
domestic criminal courts.
◉ Jus ad bellum
Answer: Regulates the legal recourse to war, determining when it is
legal to use force.
◉ Jus in bellum
, Answer: Regulates the conduct of actors during war.
◉ Peremptory norms (Jus cogens)
Answer: Mandatory norms accepted by the international community
from which no derogation is permitted.
◉ Erga omnes
Answer: Obligations that a state owes to the international
community as a whole.
◉ Pacta sunt servanda
Answer: The fundamental treaty law principle that agreements must
be kept.
◉ Acta jure imperii
Answer: Latin term for 'sovereign acts' undertaken only by a state.
◉ Acta jure gestionis
Answer: Latin term for 'commercial acts' which can be undertaken
by private companies.
◉ Mare clausum
Answer: Refers to states claiming exclusive jurisdiction over the sea.
SOLUTIONS GRADED PLUS
◉ Nulla poena sine lege
Answer: Meaning 'no punishment without law,' this principle
ensures that legal punishments cannot be applied retroactively.
◉ Individual criminal responsibility
Answer: The principle that individuals, including political and
military leaders, can be held accountable for breaches of
international criminal law.
◉ Complementarity
Answer: The guiding principle of the ICC stating that the
international tribunal should complement, rather than replace,
domestic criminal courts.
◉ Jus ad bellum
Answer: Regulates the legal recourse to war, determining when it is
legal to use force.
◉ Jus in bellum
, Answer: Regulates the conduct of actors during war.
◉ Peremptory norms (Jus cogens)
Answer: Mandatory norms accepted by the international community
from which no derogation is permitted.
◉ Erga omnes
Answer: Obligations that a state owes to the international
community as a whole.
◉ Pacta sunt servanda
Answer: The fundamental treaty law principle that agreements must
be kept.
◉ Acta jure imperii
Answer: Latin term for 'sovereign acts' undertaken only by a state.
◉ Acta jure gestionis
Answer: Latin term for 'commercial acts' which can be undertaken
by private companies.
◉ Mare clausum
Answer: Refers to states claiming exclusive jurisdiction over the sea.
