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STUDY GUIDE 2026 | PRACTICE QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS (ALL DOMAINS)
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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,QUESTION 1 Correct Answer: D
Section: Identity and Access Management
A potential problem related to the physical installation of Explanation
the Iris Scanner in regards to the usage of the iris pattern
within a biometric system is: Explanation/Reference:
Because the optical unit utilizes a camera and infrared light to create the images,
A. Concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage. sun light can impact the aperture so it must not be positioned in direct light of any
B. The iris pattern changes as a person grows older. type. Because the subject does not need to have direct contact with the optical
C. There is a relatively high rate of false accepts. reader, direct light can impact the reader.
D. The optical unit must be positioned so that the sun An Iris recognition is a form of biometrics that is based on the uniqueness of a
does not shine into the aperture. subject's iris. A camera like device records the patterns of the iris creating what is
known as Iriscode.
It is the unique patterns of the iris that allow it to be one of the most accurate
forms of biometric identification of an individual. Unlike other types of biometics,
the
iris rarely changes over time. Fingerprints can change over time due to scaring
and manual labor, voice patterns can change due to a variety of causes, hand
geometry can also change as well. But barring surgery or an accident it is not
usual for an iris to change. The subject has a high-resoulution image taken of their
iris and this is then converted to Iriscode. The current standard for the Iriscode
was developed by John Daugman. When the subject attempts to be authenticated
an infrared light is used to capture the iris image and this image is then compared
to the Iriscode. If there is a match the subject's identity is confirmed. The subject
does not need to have direct contact with the optical reader so it is a less invasive
means of authentication then retinal scanning would be.
Reference(s) used for this question:
AIO, 3rd edition, Access Control, p 134
AIO, 4th edition, Access Control, p 182
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition
The following answers are incorrect:
Concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage. The optical readers do not
use laser so, concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage is not an issue.
The iris pattern changes as a person grows older. The question asked about the
physical installation of the scanner, so this was not the best answer. If the question
would have been about long term problems then it could have been the best
choice. Recent research has shown that Irises actually do change over time:
http://
www.nature.com/news/ageing-eyes-hinder- biometric-scans-110722
There is a relatively high rate of false accepts. Since the advent of the Iriscode
there is a very low rate of false accepts, in fact the algorithm used has never had a
false match. This all depends on the quality of the equipment used but because of
the uniqueness of the iris even when comparing identical twins, iris patterns are
unique.
,QUESTION 2 Correct Answer: B
Section: Identity and Access Management
In Mandatory Access Control, sensitivity labels attached Explanation
to object contain what information? Explanation/Reference:
The following is the correct answer: the item's classification and category set.
A. The item's classification A Sensitivity label must contain at least one classification and one category set.
B. The item's classification and category set Category set and Compartment set are synonyms, they mean the same thing. The
C. The item's category sensitivity label must contain at least one Classification and at least one
D. The items's need to know Category. It is common in some environments for a single item to belong to
multiple categories. The list of all the categories to which an item belongs is
called a
compartment set or category set.
The following answers are incorrect:
The item's classification. Is incorrect because you need a category set as well.
The item's category. Is incorrect because category set and classification would be
both be required.
The item's need to know. Is incorrect because there is no such thing. The need to
know is indicated by the catergories the object belongs to. This is NOT the best
answer.
Reference(s) used for this question:
OIG CBK, Access Control (pages 186 - 188)
AIO, 3rd Edition, Access Control (pages 162 - 163)
AIO, 4th Edition, Access Control, pp 212-214
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Access_Control
QUESTION 3 Correct Answer: C
Section: Identity and Access Management
Which of the following is true about Kerberos? Explanation
Explanation/Reference:
A. It utilizes public key cryptography. Kerberos depends on secret keys (symmetric ciphers). Kerberos is a third party
B. It encrypts data after a ticket is granted, but passwords authentication protocol. It was designed and developed in the mid 1980's by MIT.
are exchanged in plain text. It
C. It depends upon symmetric ciphers.D. It is a second is considered open source but is copyrighted and owned by MIT. It relies on the
party authentication system. user's secret keys. The password is used to encrypt and decrypt the keys.
The following answers are incorrect:
It utilizes public key cryptography. Is incorrect because Kerberos depends on
secret keys (symmetric ciphers).
It encrypts data after a ticket is granted, but passwords are exchanged in plain
text. Is incorrect because the passwords are not exchanged but used for
encryption
and decryption of the keys. It is a second party authentication system. Is incorrect
because Kerberos is a third party authentication system, you authenticate to the
third party (Kerberos) and not the system you are accessing.
References:
MIT http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/
Wikipedi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_%28protocol%29
OIG CBK Access Control (pages 181 - 184)
AIOv3 Access Control (pages 151 - 155)
, QUESTION 4 Correct Answer: A
Section: Identity and Access Management
Which of the following is needed for System Explanation
Accountability? Explanation/Reference:
Is a means of being able to track user actions. Through the use of audit logs and
A. Audit mechanisms. other tools the user actions are recorded and can be used at a later date to verify
B. Documented design as laid out in the Common what actions were performed.
Criteria. Accountability is the ability to identify users and to be able to track user actions.
C. Authorization. The following answers are incorrect:
D. Formal verification of system design. Documented design as laid out in the Common Criteria. Is incorrect because the
Common Criteria is an international standard to evaluate trust and would not be a
factor in System Accountability.
Authorization. Is incorrect because Authorization is granting access to subjects,
just because you have authorization does not hold the subject accountable for
their
actions.
Formal verification of system design. Is incorrect because all you have done is to
verify the system design and have not taken any steps toward system
accountability.
References:
OIG CBK Glossary (page 778)
QUESTION 5 Correct Answer: B
Section: Identity and Access Management
What is Kerberos? Explanation
Explanation/Reference:
A. A three-headed dog from the egyptian mythology. Is correct because that is exactly what Kerberos is.
B. A trusted third-party authentication protocol. The following answers are incorrect:
C. A security model. A three-headed dog from Egyptian mythology. Is incorrect because we are
D. A remote authentication dial in user server. dealing with Information Security and not the Egyptian mythology but the Greek
Mythology.
A security model. Is incorrect because Kerberos is an authentication protocol and
not just a security model.
A remote authentication dial in user server. Is incorrect because Kerberos is not a
remote authentication dial in user server that would be called RADIUS.
STUDY GUIDE 2026 | PRACTICE QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS (ALL DOMAINS)
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep and Comprehensive
Rationales Included
,QUESTION 1 Correct Answer: D
Section: Identity and Access Management
A potential problem related to the physical installation of Explanation
the Iris Scanner in regards to the usage of the iris pattern
within a biometric system is: Explanation/Reference:
Because the optical unit utilizes a camera and infrared light to create the images,
A. Concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage. sun light can impact the aperture so it must not be positioned in direct light of any
B. The iris pattern changes as a person grows older. type. Because the subject does not need to have direct contact with the optical
C. There is a relatively high rate of false accepts. reader, direct light can impact the reader.
D. The optical unit must be positioned so that the sun An Iris recognition is a form of biometrics that is based on the uniqueness of a
does not shine into the aperture. subject's iris. A camera like device records the patterns of the iris creating what is
known as Iriscode.
It is the unique patterns of the iris that allow it to be one of the most accurate
forms of biometric identification of an individual. Unlike other types of biometics,
the
iris rarely changes over time. Fingerprints can change over time due to scaring
and manual labor, voice patterns can change due to a variety of causes, hand
geometry can also change as well. But barring surgery or an accident it is not
usual for an iris to change. The subject has a high-resoulution image taken of their
iris and this is then converted to Iriscode. The current standard for the Iriscode
was developed by John Daugman. When the subject attempts to be authenticated
an infrared light is used to capture the iris image and this image is then compared
to the Iriscode. If there is a match the subject's identity is confirmed. The subject
does not need to have direct contact with the optical reader so it is a less invasive
means of authentication then retinal scanning would be.
Reference(s) used for this question:
AIO, 3rd edition, Access Control, p 134
AIO, 4th edition, Access Control, p 182
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition
The following answers are incorrect:
Concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage. The optical readers do not
use laser so, concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage is not an issue.
The iris pattern changes as a person grows older. The question asked about the
physical installation of the scanner, so this was not the best answer. If the question
would have been about long term problems then it could have been the best
choice. Recent research has shown that Irises actually do change over time:
http://
www.nature.com/news/ageing-eyes-hinder- biometric-scans-110722
There is a relatively high rate of false accepts. Since the advent of the Iriscode
there is a very low rate of false accepts, in fact the algorithm used has never had a
false match. This all depends on the quality of the equipment used but because of
the uniqueness of the iris even when comparing identical twins, iris patterns are
unique.
,QUESTION 2 Correct Answer: B
Section: Identity and Access Management
In Mandatory Access Control, sensitivity labels attached Explanation
to object contain what information? Explanation/Reference:
The following is the correct answer: the item's classification and category set.
A. The item's classification A Sensitivity label must contain at least one classification and one category set.
B. The item's classification and category set Category set and Compartment set are synonyms, they mean the same thing. The
C. The item's category sensitivity label must contain at least one Classification and at least one
D. The items's need to know Category. It is common in some environments for a single item to belong to
multiple categories. The list of all the categories to which an item belongs is
called a
compartment set or category set.
The following answers are incorrect:
The item's classification. Is incorrect because you need a category set as well.
The item's category. Is incorrect because category set and classification would be
both be required.
The item's need to know. Is incorrect because there is no such thing. The need to
know is indicated by the catergories the object belongs to. This is NOT the best
answer.
Reference(s) used for this question:
OIG CBK, Access Control (pages 186 - 188)
AIO, 3rd Edition, Access Control (pages 162 - 163)
AIO, 4th Edition, Access Control, pp 212-214
Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Access_Control
QUESTION 3 Correct Answer: C
Section: Identity and Access Management
Which of the following is true about Kerberos? Explanation
Explanation/Reference:
A. It utilizes public key cryptography. Kerberos depends on secret keys (symmetric ciphers). Kerberos is a third party
B. It encrypts data after a ticket is granted, but passwords authentication protocol. It was designed and developed in the mid 1980's by MIT.
are exchanged in plain text. It
C. It depends upon symmetric ciphers.D. It is a second is considered open source but is copyrighted and owned by MIT. It relies on the
party authentication system. user's secret keys. The password is used to encrypt and decrypt the keys.
The following answers are incorrect:
It utilizes public key cryptography. Is incorrect because Kerberos depends on
secret keys (symmetric ciphers).
It encrypts data after a ticket is granted, but passwords are exchanged in plain
text. Is incorrect because the passwords are not exchanged but used for
encryption
and decryption of the keys. It is a second party authentication system. Is incorrect
because Kerberos is a third party authentication system, you authenticate to the
third party (Kerberos) and not the system you are accessing.
References:
MIT http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/
Wikipedi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_%28protocol%29
OIG CBK Access Control (pages 181 - 184)
AIOv3 Access Control (pages 151 - 155)
, QUESTION 4 Correct Answer: A
Section: Identity and Access Management
Which of the following is needed for System Explanation
Accountability? Explanation/Reference:
Is a means of being able to track user actions. Through the use of audit logs and
A. Audit mechanisms. other tools the user actions are recorded and can be used at a later date to verify
B. Documented design as laid out in the Common what actions were performed.
Criteria. Accountability is the ability to identify users and to be able to track user actions.
C. Authorization. The following answers are incorrect:
D. Formal verification of system design. Documented design as laid out in the Common Criteria. Is incorrect because the
Common Criteria is an international standard to evaluate trust and would not be a
factor in System Accountability.
Authorization. Is incorrect because Authorization is granting access to subjects,
just because you have authorization does not hold the subject accountable for
their
actions.
Formal verification of system design. Is incorrect because all you have done is to
verify the system design and have not taken any steps toward system
accountability.
References:
OIG CBK Glossary (page 778)
QUESTION 5 Correct Answer: B
Section: Identity and Access Management
What is Kerberos? Explanation
Explanation/Reference:
A. A three-headed dog from the egyptian mythology. Is correct because that is exactly what Kerberos is.
B. A trusted third-party authentication protocol. The following answers are incorrect:
C. A security model. A three-headed dog from Egyptian mythology. Is incorrect because we are
D. A remote authentication dial in user server. dealing with Information Security and not the Egyptian mythology but the Greek
Mythology.
A security model. Is incorrect because Kerberos is an authentication protocol and
not just a security model.
A remote authentication dial in user server. Is incorrect because Kerberos is not a
remote authentication dial in user server that would be called RADIUS.
