ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION LATEST
EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS | GRADED A+
SECTION 1: CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
(Questions 1-15)
1. The stem cell divides, producing undifferentiated stem
cells that are of what lineage?
Answer: Myeloid or lymphoid
Rationale: Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into
two main lineages: myeloid and lymphoid. The myeloid
lineage produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets, while the lymphoid lineage produces specialized
white blood cells called lymphocytes .
2. What cells do myeloid precursors turn into?
Answer: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
, Rationale: Myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into
erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs including
granulocytes), and megakaryocytes which produce
platelets .
3. What cells do lymphoid precursors turn into?
Answer: Specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes
Rationale: Lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to T
lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells,
which are essential components of the adaptive immune
system .
4. Granulocytes include which cell types?
Answer: Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Rationale: Granulocytes are white blood cells containing
cytoplasmic granules and are characterized by their
multilobed nuclei. Neutrophils are the most abundant,
followed by eosinophils and basophils .
5. Agranulocytes include which cell types?
Answer: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes
Rationale: Agranulocytes have a non-lobulated nucleus
and lack cytoplasmic granules. They include lymphocytes
, (T and B cells) and monocytes, which are essential for
adaptive immune responses .
6. What two types of immunity make up the immune
system?
Answer: Innate and adaptive
Rationale: The immune system consists of two integrated
components. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-
specific defense, while adaptive immunity develops over
time and provides specific, long-lasting protection with
immunological memory .
7. What line of defense is innate immunity?
Answer: First
Rationale: Innate immunity is the body's first line of
defense against pathogens. It provides a rapid, non-
specific response that does not retain memory of the
entity .
8. What is the role of innate immunity?
Answer: To mount a non-specific response to a non-self
entity that does not retain memory of the entity
Rationale: Innate immunity responds immediately to
pathogens through physical barriers (skin, mucous
, membranes) and cellular components (phagocytes, natural
killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages) without
developing immunological memory .
9. What types of things does innate immunity respond to?
Answer: Skin, mucous membranes, normal flora of the
skin and gut as barrier or bacterial protection against
foreign substances AND cellular components such as
phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages
Rationale: Innate immunity employs both physical
barriers and cellular components. The physical barriers
include the skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora,
while the cellular components include phagocytes, NK
cells, granulocytes, and macrophages that engulf or
destroy invaders .
10. If innate immunity proves to be insufficient, what is
mobilized?
Answer: Adaptive immunity
Rationale: When innate immunity cannot eliminate a
pathogen, the adaptive immune system is activated. This
secondary response is more specific and leads to
immunological memory .
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION LATEST
EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS | GRADED A+
SECTION 1: CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
(Questions 1-15)
1. The stem cell divides, producing undifferentiated stem
cells that are of what lineage?
Answer: Myeloid or lymphoid
Rationale: Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into
two main lineages: myeloid and lymphoid. The myeloid
lineage produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets, while the lymphoid lineage produces specialized
white blood cells called lymphocytes .
2. What cells do myeloid precursors turn into?
Answer: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
, Rationale: Myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into
erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs including
granulocytes), and megakaryocytes which produce
platelets .
3. What cells do lymphoid precursors turn into?
Answer: Specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes
Rationale: Lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to T
lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells,
which are essential components of the adaptive immune
system .
4. Granulocytes include which cell types?
Answer: Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Rationale: Granulocytes are white blood cells containing
cytoplasmic granules and are characterized by their
multilobed nuclei. Neutrophils are the most abundant,
followed by eosinophils and basophils .
5. Agranulocytes include which cell types?
Answer: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes
Rationale: Agranulocytes have a non-lobulated nucleus
and lack cytoplasmic granules. They include lymphocytes
, (T and B cells) and monocytes, which are essential for
adaptive immune responses .
6. What two types of immunity make up the immune
system?
Answer: Innate and adaptive
Rationale: The immune system consists of two integrated
components. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-
specific defense, while adaptive immunity develops over
time and provides specific, long-lasting protection with
immunological memory .
7. What line of defense is innate immunity?
Answer: First
Rationale: Innate immunity is the body's first line of
defense against pathogens. It provides a rapid, non-
specific response that does not retain memory of the
entity .
8. What is the role of innate immunity?
Answer: To mount a non-specific response to a non-self
entity that does not retain memory of the entity
Rationale: Innate immunity responds immediately to
pathogens through physical barriers (skin, mucous
, membranes) and cellular components (phagocytes, natural
killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages) without
developing immunological memory .
9. What types of things does innate immunity respond to?
Answer: Skin, mucous membranes, normal flora of the
skin and gut as barrier or bacterial protection against
foreign substances AND cellular components such as
phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages
Rationale: Innate immunity employs both physical
barriers and cellular components. The physical barriers
include the skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora,
while the cellular components include phagocytes, NK
cells, granulocytes, and macrophages that engulf or
destroy invaders .
10. If innate immunity proves to be insufficient, what is
mobilized?
Answer: Adaptive immunity
Rationale: When innate immunity cannot eliminate a
pathogen, the adaptive immune system is activated. This
secondary response is more specific and leads to
immunological memory .
