HOAG ECG FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
●● Cardiac Conduction: Interrupted or Altered.
Answer: The electrical pathway may become interrupted or altered
depending on a patient's acute or chronic condition. If the SA node is
damaged or impaired, the AV node will initiate an electrical impulse at a
rate of 40-60 beats per minute. If the AV node is damaged or impaired,
the purkinje fibers will initiate an electrical impulse at a rate of 20-40
beats per minute.
●● Blood Flow Through the Heart.
Answer: 1) The inferior and superior vena cava returns deoxygenated
blood from the body to the right atrium
2) The right atrium delivers deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle
through the tricuspid valve
3) The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood through the
pulmonic valve to the pulmonary arteries. The lungs provide oxygen and
"oxygenate" the blood.
4) Oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary veins to the left
atrium.
5) The left atrium delivers blood to the left ventricle through the mitral
valve.
, 6) The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve
where it is distributed throughout the body.
●● Electricity and Blood Flow.
Answer: 1) Electrical activity, atrial contractions and ventricular
contractions are interconnected
2) If the electrical pathway is altered or impaired (i.e. atrial fibrillation,
ventricular tachycardia), the blood flow pathway is also affected.
●● P wave.
Answer: The P wave represents atrial contraction or depolarization
●● QRS Wave/Complex.
Answer: The QRS wave/complex represents ventricular contraction or
depolarization
●● Q wave.
Answer: The Q wave is the first negative deflection after the P wave
●● R Wave.
Answer: The R wave is the first positive deflection after the P wave
●● S wave.
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
●● Cardiac Conduction: Interrupted or Altered.
Answer: The electrical pathway may become interrupted or altered
depending on a patient's acute or chronic condition. If the SA node is
damaged or impaired, the AV node will initiate an electrical impulse at a
rate of 40-60 beats per minute. If the AV node is damaged or impaired,
the purkinje fibers will initiate an electrical impulse at a rate of 20-40
beats per minute.
●● Blood Flow Through the Heart.
Answer: 1) The inferior and superior vena cava returns deoxygenated
blood from the body to the right atrium
2) The right atrium delivers deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle
through the tricuspid valve
3) The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood through the
pulmonic valve to the pulmonary arteries. The lungs provide oxygen and
"oxygenate" the blood.
4) Oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary veins to the left
atrium.
5) The left atrium delivers blood to the left ventricle through the mitral
valve.
, 6) The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve
where it is distributed throughout the body.
●● Electricity and Blood Flow.
Answer: 1) Electrical activity, atrial contractions and ventricular
contractions are interconnected
2) If the electrical pathway is altered or impaired (i.e. atrial fibrillation,
ventricular tachycardia), the blood flow pathway is also affected.
●● P wave.
Answer: The P wave represents atrial contraction or depolarization
●● QRS Wave/Complex.
Answer: The QRS wave/complex represents ventricular contraction or
depolarization
●● Q wave.
Answer: The Q wave is the first negative deflection after the P wave
●● R Wave.
Answer: The R wave is the first positive deflection after the P wave
●● S wave.
