NR 222/ NR222 Exam 1 (New 2026/ 2027 Update) Health and Wellness Guide |Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Chamberlain.

NR 222/ NR222 Exam 1 (New 2026/ 2027 Update) Health and Wellness Guide |Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Chamberlain. Q. Healthy people 2030 ANSWER -Promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives -Identifies leading health indicators (LHI'S) which are high- priority health issues in the United States such as: - homicides -household food insecurity & hunger -suicides -children & adolescents with obesity Q. Definition of health ANSWER a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Q. Positive health behavior and examples: ANSWER Positive health behavior maintains, attains, or regains health and prevents illness. Positive health behaviors: -immunizations -scheduled screening (mammograms, colonoscopy) -proper sleep patterns -exercise -stress management -nutrition Q. Negative health behaviors and examples: ANSWER Negative health behavior are practices that are harmful to health such as: -smoking -drinking -risky sexual behaviors -poor diets -Medication refusal to necessary medications Q. What is the health belief model? ANSWER This is a model that healthcare professionals understand factors influencing patient's perceptions, beliefs, and behavior. This knowledge is used to plan care that will most effectively assist individuals in recognizing their risk for disease, the significance of a disease, and taking action to prevent disease. Example: A person who has a family with type 2 diabetes being more likely to get tested than someone without. Q. What are the 3 components to the health belief model? ANSWER 1.) A person's perception and susceptibility to an illness. Example: a person with a family history of death from heart attacks recognizes there is a familial link to coronary disease and perceives a personal link to heart disease. 2.) Individual perception of the seriousness of the illness. This is influenced by things like advice from family, friends, medical professionals or mass media. Example: A patient might not think their heart disease is serious, which can affect self-care. 3.) The likelihood a person will take preventive action like lifestyle changes, increase adherence to medical therapies, or seek medical advice. Use this model to help you as a nurse understand the factors influencing the patient's perception beliefs so you can plan care more effectively. Q. What is self-efficacy? ANSWER Person's ability or willingness to be successful. Q. Health promotion model ANSWER -Person's pursuit of health and what motivates them to change. -Directed at increasing a person's level of well-being, focusing on three areas: -individual characteristics and experiences: what a person has experienced affects the persons actions toward health. -behavior-specific knowledge and affect: influences a patients motivation to change or adopt a healthy lifestyle. -behavioral outcomes: you help a pt modify these variables through nursing interventions. These personal characteristics interact with the environment to determine a person's motivation, attitudes, and actions to engage in health-promoting behaviors. Example of health promotion model A patient quits smoking cold turkey bc their father dies of lung cancer=experience affecting behavior. (motivation for change) Q. Holistic Health Model ANSWER -Empower patients to engage in their own recovery and assume responsibility for health maintenance. -Person interactions with emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects of their own wellness. Example of holistic health model: Complementary and alternative therapies such as reminiscence, therapeutic touch, homeopathy, music therapy, guided imagery, and others Q. What is the transtheoretical model? ANSWER Used in health promotion activities that Conceptualize the process of intentional behavior change in alcohol and drug abuse, as well as in smoking cessation programs. A person must move from one stage to another before lasting change occurs. Six stages are associated with behavior change. Stages: 1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance6. Termination Q. What is the pre-contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model? ANSWER --Before patient is thinking about a change. --Patient may not be aware of a change that needs to be made. --Unlikely to make a change within 6 months. Q. What is the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model? ANSWER Patient is thinking about making a change. Patient is likely to make change within 6 months. Q. What is the preparationstage of the transtheoretical model? ANSWER Patient is preparing to make a change. May be making small changes and be prepared to make a larger change within 30 days. Q. What is the action stage of the transtheoretical model? ANSWER Patient made the change and the behavior is ongoing. Q. What is the maintenance stage of the transtheoretical model? ANSWER Patient maintains the change for 6 or more months. Q. What is the terminationstage of the transtheoretical model? ANSWER Desire to return to original behaviors is gone. The change is considered permanent. Q. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is ANSWER a five-tier pyramid, where basic physiological needs are at the bottom of the pyramid and must be met before individuals can address higher-level needs. Q. Starting at the bottom of the pyramid and moving upwards, the needs are: ANSWER -physiological (basic needs) -safety (basic needs) -love and belonging (social needs) -esteem (need for respect) -self-actualization (potential) Q. The first four levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are also referred to as "__________" and the top level is known as "___________" ANSWER --deficiency needs --Growth needs Q. deficiency needs ANSWER Deficiency needs arise due to deprivation and are considered to motivate a person when they are unmet (McLeod, 2020). The longer the needs go unmet, the stronger the motivation to fulfill these needs. Example: The longer a person goes without food, the more hungry they become. Q. Growth needs ANSWER Growth needs do not stem from deficiency, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. Once growth needs are met, a person is able to reach the highest level of the pyramid called self-actualization. Growth and deficiency in the pyramid model of Maslow are Growth Needs: Transcendence: Values and experiences in the pursuit of science or faith Self-Actualization: Realization of potential Aesthetic: Order and beauty Cognitive: Knowledge and understanding Deficiency Needs: Esteem: Achievement and gaining recognition Belonging and Love: Affiliation and acceptance Safety and Security: Long-term survival and stability Physiological: Hunger, thirst, and so forth What are the updated models added to Maslows theory, going from a 5-tier model to an 8-tier model Cognitive needs include knowledge and understanding, curiosity, and exploration. Individuals also have a need for meaning and predictability. Aesthetic needs include an appreciation and search for beauty and balance in the world. Transcendence needs include internal motivation by values which transcend the personal self. Examples: experiences with nature, service to others, the pursuit of science and faith What are the levels of prevent? Primordial prevention involves the prevention of risk factors. Primary prevention involves intervening before health effects occur. Secondary prevention includes screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages. Tertiary prevention involves managing disease post-diagnosis to slow or stop the progression of the illness, prevent complications, and maximize the client’s abilities. Primordial prevention is the most recent addition to preventive strategies and precedes primary prevention. Often aimed at children to decrease as much risk exposure as possible. Examples: Improving access to safe playgrounds and sidewalks in an urban community may promote physical activity, which decreases risk factors for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus type 2. --healthy eating school-based programs, reduction of sodium in food supply, creating bike/walking paths Prevention strategies take place at the: local, state, and national levels. -Local: Local community efforts can be effective in bringing about changes that prevent or reduce environmentally-related illness and disease. Strategies include: zoning laws for bike paths and reduction of the number of liquor stores -State: States play an important role in promoting both local and federal prevention efforts as well as contribute to their own initiatives. Strategies include: inspection of restaurants and public swimming pools, hazardous waste disposal sites, and anti-smoking campaigns -National: National prevention activities include regulatory programs and policies that establish programs to reduce the presence of and exposure to harmful agents in the environment. Examples include: Clean Water Act, National Tobacco Control Program, and the National Asthma Control Program The World Health Organization (WHO, 1986) defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health" Active VS Passive Health Promotion Active Health Promotion Individuals are personally involved in healthy behaviors. Example: Participating in a weight-reduction or smoking cessation program Passive Health Promotion Individuals benefit from the activities of others without acting themselves. Example: Fluoridation of the country's drinking water or milk fortified with vitamin D A nurse recommends iron-fortified infant formula to a new mother. This is an example of ________health promotion. Passive A client attends yoga daily that ends with a meditation session. This is an example of ________health promotion. Active Modifiable Risk Factors These are the lifestyle behaviors and practices that can be changed. Examples: poor nutrition, insufficient sleep, and a sedentary lifestyle Nonmodifiable Risk Factors These are the risk factors that cannot be changed. Examples: age, gender, and family history Internal variable: Developmental stage- -Consider a patient's growth, helps you predict a patient's response to an illness. For example: different teaching techniques need to be used on adolescents versus adults. Internal variable: Intellectual stage- Intellectual background influences how a client thinks about health. For example, knowledge may be lacking or incomplete. Cognitive abilities may impact client teaching. Internal variable: Perception of functioning- -Is subjective data about the way a client perceives physical function. Once subjective data is obtained, objective data is collected about the actual function. For example, subjective data includes level of fatigue, shortness of breath, and pain (How the client tells you how they feel). Objective data includes blood pressure and lung sounds (Actual results obtained with factual results). Internal variable: emotional factor- -The degree of stress, depression, or fear. For example, a person who is typically very calm may have little emotional response to illness. However, a person who struggles to manage stress in everyday life may overreact to illness or deny the presence of symptoms. Internal variable: Spiritual factors- Spiritual factors influence a person’s ability to find hope and meaning in life. Spirituality often motivates to engage or not engage in health promotion activities. For example, some religions restrict the use of certain forms of medical treatment. External variable: Family role and practices- A patient's family history of preventive care influences how the patient thinks about health. For example, a child whose caregivers taught the importance of healthy foods and physical activity will likely continue those practices into adulthood. External variable: Social determinants of health- External factors such as where a person lives, the quality of the environment, income, educational level, relationships, all affect the pt's health. Examples of SDOH: Food insecurity, poverty, no PCM in the community, culture, exposure to violence, and access to green space. External variable: Culture An individual beliefs about causes of illness, remedies, or practices to restore health influence their health. ANA Scope and Standards of Practice Standard 18 "The registered nurse practices in an environmentally safe and healthy manner." ANA Code of Ethics Provision 5 The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to promote health and safety, preserve wholeness of character and integrity, maintain competence, and continue personal and professional growth. ANA Code of Ethics Provision 6 The nurse, through individual and collective effort, establishes, maintains, and improves the ethical environment of the work setting and conditions of employment that are conducive to safe, quality health care. Stages of sleep There are two sleep phases: nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. There are three stages of NREM sleep (75% of night) and one stage of REM sleep (25% of night). The quality of sleep becomes increasingly deeper as we move through the stages. We progress through each of the four stages about every 90 minutes. Hours of sleep each person needs: School-age children: varies; 9-12 hours • Adolescents: 8-10 hours recommended • Young adults: 6-8.5 hours per night • Middle adults: 7-9 hours per night • Older adults: varies; sleeping difficulties increase with age General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) An immediate physiological response to stress has three stages: -alarm (fight-or-flight response),- Releases cortisol and epinephrine -resistance (body responds to stress and attempts to compensate) Handels stress for a long period of time. Effects: BP, Heart rate, irregular blood sugar lvls, immune system is suppressed -exhaustion (continued stress breaks down compensatory mechanisms) stages. Long-term stress now becomes disease due to the long term effects of high cortisol & epinephrine lvls, this is called Allostatic load . Hans Selye () Psychologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome Three primary modes of intervention for stress are to: decrease stress-producing situations, increase resistance to stress and learn skills that reduce physiological responses to stress. Betty Neuman - Systems Model Theory A systems approach to help you understand the responses of patients, families, and communities to stressors in their environment. Callista Roy's Adaptation Model - how a person effectively responds to stress -Individuals can modify external stimuli/stressors to allow better adaptation -Nurse Role: assist an individual with modifying and regulating peripheral stimuli to promote a supportive healing environment. Situational stress Situational stressors in the workplace that affect nurses are high-acuity client loads, job environment, constant distractions, responsibilities, conflicting priorities, and intensity of care. Additionally, shift work increases fatigue. maturational stress Major changes in life like divorce, death, and childbirth Sociocultural stress Occurs when social systems are challenged by factors such as racism, economic hardship, or political upheaval -Environmental and social stressors can lead to further problems. Living under conditions of violence or homelessness affects health. primary apprasial of stress Evaluation of an event for its personal meaning. Initial reaction to stress. Example: I have a 75 question exam, Am I panicked about it or not? secondary appraisal of stress Analyzing- Assessing whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment Example: Do I have enough resources/practice questions for my 75-question exam? Will it be enough? Subjective vs. Objective Feeling (patient's words) can't prove VS. fact (provider) can prove via test/exams/data second victim syndrome When a medical error occurs that inflicts significant harm on a patient and the patient's family Discharge planning begins at: admission to a health care agency,helps determine the best place for a patient to go after discharge Barriers to effective discharge planning include: Ineffective communication, lack of role clarity among healthcare team members, and lack of resources. Patient-centered care is: That is focused on the patient's preferences, needs, and values and involves the patient in the clinical decision-making process. This type of care is based on the patient's lifestyle and is coordinated with the healthcare team so that the patient is engaged in the care process Transtheoretical model is and includes? stages of change 1. pre contemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintenance 6. termination or relapse Health Belief Model is Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors the ecological model of health is and includes? promotes health based on levels of influence idual 2. interpersonal izational nity y the Pender's health promotion model three focus areas- 1. individual experiences 2. behavioral-specific knowledge and affect 3. behavioral outcomes 5 key sections of penders health promotion model- 1. person 2. environment 3. nursing 4. health 5. illness Clinical Model of Health Absence of disease; prevention not emphasized Role Performance Model Health is indicated by the ability to perform social roles. Role performance includes work, family and social roles, with performance based on societal expectations. Illness would be the future to perform a person's roles at the level of others in society Adaptive model of health ability to adjust to social, mental, and physiological changes Eudaimonistic model of health This model emphasizes the interactions between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment that contribute to goal attainment and create meaning. Holistic Health Model Assesses the whole person because it views the mind, body, and spirit as interdependent and functioning as a whole within the environment. social learning theory a bridge between behavioral and cognitive learning theories, because it focuses on the interaction between internal factors such as thinking and symbolic processing (e.g., attention, memory, motivation) and external determinants (e.g., rewards and punishments) in determining behavior. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 1. physiological 2. safety and security 3. love/belonging 4. self- esteem 5. self-actualization 6. self-transcendence Florence Nightingale Founder of modern nursing; started first organized program to train nurses; first practicing nurse epidemiologist; connected sanitation with cholera and dysentery Clara Barton Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross Mary Mahoney First professionally trained African American nurse Mary Adelaide Nutting First professor of nursing at Columbia University Teachers College in 1906. Isabel Hampton Robb A leader in nursing and nursing education; organized the nursing school at Johns Hopkins Hospital; initiated policies that included limiting the number of hours in a days work and wrote a textbook to help student learning; the first president of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (now American Nurses Association). Lavinia Dock A nursing leader and women's rights activist; instrumental in the Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote primary model health promotion and advocacy disease prevention specific protection (immunizations) secondary model early screening prompt treatment limiting disabilities tertiary model rehabilitation restoration re-education re-training Patricia's Benner's Model of Novice to Expert novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert ANA Standards of Nursing Practice Assessment Diagnosis Outcomes Identification Planning Implementation Coordination of Care Health Teaching + Health Promotion Consultation Prescriptive Authority + Treatment Evaluation Assessment The registered nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to the patient's health and/or the situation. diagnosis involves a nurse making an educated judgment about a potential or actual health problem with a patient Outcomes Identification The registered nurse identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the patient or the situation. planning the registered nurse develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes implementation The registered nurse implements the identified plan. coordination of care The registered nurse coordinates care delivery. Health Teaching and Health Promotion The registered nurse uses strategies to promote health and a safe environment. consultation the graduate level-prepared speciality nurse or advanced practice registered nurse provides consultation to influence the identified plan, enhance the abilities of others, and effect change prescribe authority and treatment the advances practice registered nurse use prescriptive authority, procedures, referrals, treatment, and therapies in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations evaluation the registered nurse evaluated progress toward attainment of outcomes Chamberlain Care is Chamberlain Care® We believe if we take extraordinary care of our students, we will graduate extraordinary healthcare professionals who will have a significant and positive impact in their communities and around the world. chamberlains mission is To educate, empower and embolden diverse healthcare professionals who advance the health of people, families, communities and nations. chamberlain's vision is By living Chamberlain Care®, we graduate extraordinary healthcare professionals who transform the health of people worldwide. examples of self=care behaviors healthy eating being active monitoring taking medications problem solving healthy coping reducing risks common roles nurses have advocate care manager consultant deliver of services educator healer researcher what does NPA's stand for and what does it do •Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs) •Determine the legal regulation of the boundaries of nursing practice to protect public health, safety, and welfare NPA's include: •Education requirements •Certification requirements •Practice guidelines Purpose of Code of Ethics for Nurses: 1. Succinct statement of ethical obligations & duties of every individual who enters the nursing profession. 2. The profession's non-negotiable ethical standard. 3. Expression of nursing's own understanding of its commitment to society. nursing code of ethics is characterized by: advocacy responsibility accountability confidentiality autonomy uNursing perspective uYou control your nursing practice uMust practice within boundaries of NPA, scope and standards of practice & code of ethics uYou are accountable for your actions uFreedom from external control uFree from unlimited control by other HCPs evaluation phase Once all nursing intervention actions have taken place, the nurse completes an evaluation to determine the goals for patient wellness have been met. Differentiate Medicare and Medicaid: funding, target population Medicare is available to most Americans over the age of 65, whereas Medicaid is exclusive to lower-income individuals and some disabled people. beneficence uPositive actions to help others uBest interest of the client uInterests of the client before your needs uService to others nonmaleficence uTo avoid harm or hurt uMust balance risk vs benefit uProcedure may hurt but provide relief in long run justice uFairness uFor healthcare professionals u"Just Culture" uSpeaking up without fear of retaliation uReporting errors without fear of retaliation uFosters accountability veracity truthfulness fidelity fulfill responsibilities examples of allopathic care prepathogenesis early pathogenesis asymptomatic pathogenesis objective data information that is seen, heard, felt, or smelled by an observer; signs subjective data things a person tells you about themself such as pain Morbidity percentage of an illness you are more likely not to die from (ex: hypertension or diabetes) mortality death rate from an illness (ex: aids) Vulnerable populations include children, wards of the state, prisoners, pregnant women and fetuses, persons who are mentally disabled or otherwise cognitively impaired, and economically or educationally disadvantaged persons. acute problem definition having an illness come on fast, rapidly developing symptoms, and are limited in their duration. (ex: the flu) chonic illness definition described as those that are long-lasting and develop and potentially worsen over time (ex: Chron's) internal vs. external factors that influence health Internal factors -- also known as hereditary factors or acquired elements -- include smoking and personal diet or eating habits. External factors pertain to the direct outer environment, the geographical location and micro-organisms that could affect an individual's health.