ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2025-2026
ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+
A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and an elevated pulmonary vascular
resistance. Which of the following heart failures may result from this condition?
a. low output failure
b. high output failure
c. right heart failure
d. left heart failure - ....ANSWER...right heart failure
Which structure is lined with columnar epithelial cells?
A) perimetrium
B) endocervical canal
C) myometrium
D) vagina - ....ANSWER...Ans: B- endocervical canal
Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ?
A) wher the squamos epithelium of the cervix meets the cuboidal epithelium of the
vagina
B) where the columnar epithelium fo the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the
uterus
C) where the squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the columnar epithelium of the
uterus
D) where the columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the
vagina - ....ANSWER...Ans: D-where the columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the
squamous epithelium of the vagina
An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the second
and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. There is also wide fixed splitting of
the second heart sound. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart
defect?
a. ventricular septal defect (VSD)
b. atrial septal defect (ASD)
c. atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
d. patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - ....ANSWER...atrial septal defect (ASD)
An infant has a continuous-machine type of murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border
throughout systole and diastole. The infant has a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation.
These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
,a. atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
b. atrial septal defect (ASD)
c. patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
d. ventricular septal defect (VSD) - ....ANSWER...patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Which statement best describes a Schilling test?
A) administration of radioactive cbalamin and the measurement of its excretion in the
urine to test for vitamin B12 deficiency
B) measurement of anigen-antibody immune complexes in the blood to test for
hemolytic anemia
C) measurement of serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity in the blood to test
for iron deficiency anemia
D) administration of folate and measurement in two hours of its level in a blood sample to
test for folic acid deficiency -
....ANSWER...Ans: A- administration of radioactive cbalamin and the measurement of its
excretion in the urine to test for vitamin B12 deficiency
In aplastic anemis (AA), pancytopenia develops as a result of which of the following?
A) suppression of erythropoietin to produce adequate amounts of erythrocytes
B) suppression of the bone marrow to produce adequte amounts of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and thrombocytes
C) lack of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to form sufficient quantitites of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and thrombocytes
D) lact of stem cells toform sufficient quantities of leukocytes - ....ANSWER...Ans: B-
suppression of the bone marrow to produce adequate amounts of erythrocytes, leukocytes,
and thrombocytes
Which statement is true regarding warm autoimmune hemotlytic anemia?
A) warm autimmune hemolytic anemia occurs primarily in men
B) it is self-limiting and rarely produces hemolysis
C) erythrocytes are bound to macrophages and sequestered in the spleen
D) immunoglobulin M (IgM) coats erythrocytes and binds them to receptors on
monocytes - ....ANSWER...Ans: C-erythrocytes are bound to macrophages and
sequestered in the spleen
Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by:
a. creating alveolar dead space
b. impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
c. creating a right to left shunt
d. decreasing the oxygen in inspired gas -
....ANSWER...impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
,Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother:
A) is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative
B) is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
C) has type A blood and the fetus has type O blood
D) has type AB blood and the fetus has type O blood -
....ANSWER...Ans: B- is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
Alveolar dead space is a result of:
a. atelectasis
b. pulmonary edema
c. pulmonary emboli
d. pneumonia - ....ANSWER...pulmonary emboli
The cause of pulmonary edema in ARDS is the result of increased:
a. oncotic pressure increase by fulminant trauma to the lungs
b. capillary hydrostatic pressure
c. levels of serum sodium and water
d. capillary permeability - ....ANSWER...capillary permeability
When diagnosed with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), why does the newborn
develop hyperbilirubinemia after birth but not in utero?
A) excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into the mother's circulation is
no longer possible
B) hemoglobin does now break down inot bilirubin in the intrauterin environment
C) the liver of the fetus is too immature to conjugate bilirubin from a lipid-soluble form
to a water-soluble form
D) the destruction of erythtocytes producing bilirubin is greater after birth -
....ANSWER...Ans: A- excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into
the mother's circulation is no longer possible
How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?
A) by increasing the peripheral vasoconstriction
B) by causing dysrhythmias as a result of hyperkalemia
C) by reducing the contractility of the myocardium
, D) by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system -
....ANSWER...Ans: C- by reducing the contractility of the myocardium
Pulmonary hypertension results from which of the following alteration?
a. ischemia of the myocardium
b. narrowed pulmonary capillaries
c. narrow bronchi and bronchioles
d. destruction of alveoli - ....ANSWER...narrowed pulmonary capillaries
What event is a characteristic of the function in Zone I of the lung?
A) blood flow through the pulmonary capillary bed increases in regular
increments
B) alveolar pressure is greater than venouse pressure, but not greater than arterial pressure
C) the capillary bed collapses and normal blood flow ceases
D) blood flows through Zone I, but it is ipeded to a certain extent by alveolar pressure
Ans: C- capillary bed collapses and normal blood flow ceases - ....ANSWER...Ans: C-
capillary bed collapses and normal blood flow ceases
What factor associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac sprue) causes an infant to
bruise and bleed easily?
A) vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption
B) bone marrow function depression
C) iron, folate, and B12 deficiency anemias
D) prescrbed daily warfarin (Coumadin)
Ans: A- vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption -
....ANSWER...Ans: A- vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption
3 pathways of the complement system -
....ANSWER...classical, lectin, alternative
DNA at the tips of chromosomes, act as caps that protect internal regions of the
chromosomes -
....ANSWER...Telomeres
Strains of Hepatitis - ....ANSWER...A,B,C,D,E
A Wilms tumor is also known by the histologic name:
a. neuroblastoma
b. blastomycosis
c. glioblastoma
ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+
A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and an elevated pulmonary vascular
resistance. Which of the following heart failures may result from this condition?
a. low output failure
b. high output failure
c. right heart failure
d. left heart failure - ....ANSWER...right heart failure
Which structure is lined with columnar epithelial cells?
A) perimetrium
B) endocervical canal
C) myometrium
D) vagina - ....ANSWER...Ans: B- endocervical canal
Where is the usual site of cervical dysplasia or cancer in situ?
A) wher the squamos epithelium of the cervix meets the cuboidal epithelium of the
vagina
B) where the columnar epithelium fo the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the
uterus
C) where the squamous epithelium of the cervix meets the columnar epithelium of the
uterus
D) where the columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the squamous epithelium of the
vagina - ....ANSWER...Ans: D-where the columnar epithelium of the cervix meets the
squamous epithelium of the vagina
An infant has a crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur located between the second
and third intercostal spaces along the left sternal border. There is also wide fixed splitting of
the second heart sound. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart
defect?
a. ventricular septal defect (VSD)
b. atrial septal defect (ASD)
c. atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
d. patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - ....ANSWER...atrial septal defect (ASD)
An infant has a continuous-machine type of murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border
throughout systole and diastole. The infant has a bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation.
These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
,a. atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
b. atrial septal defect (ASD)
c. patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
d. ventricular septal defect (VSD) - ....ANSWER...patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Which statement best describes a Schilling test?
A) administration of radioactive cbalamin and the measurement of its excretion in the
urine to test for vitamin B12 deficiency
B) measurement of anigen-antibody immune complexes in the blood to test for
hemolytic anemia
C) measurement of serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity in the blood to test
for iron deficiency anemia
D) administration of folate and measurement in two hours of its level in a blood sample to
test for folic acid deficiency -
....ANSWER...Ans: A- administration of radioactive cbalamin and the measurement of its
excretion in the urine to test for vitamin B12 deficiency
In aplastic anemis (AA), pancytopenia develops as a result of which of the following?
A) suppression of erythropoietin to produce adequate amounts of erythrocytes
B) suppression of the bone marrow to produce adequte amounts of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and thrombocytes
C) lack of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to form sufficient quantitites of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and thrombocytes
D) lact of stem cells toform sufficient quantities of leukocytes - ....ANSWER...Ans: B-
suppression of the bone marrow to produce adequate amounts of erythrocytes, leukocytes,
and thrombocytes
Which statement is true regarding warm autoimmune hemotlytic anemia?
A) warm autimmune hemolytic anemia occurs primarily in men
B) it is self-limiting and rarely produces hemolysis
C) erythrocytes are bound to macrophages and sequestered in the spleen
D) immunoglobulin M (IgM) coats erythrocytes and binds them to receptors on
monocytes - ....ANSWER...Ans: C-erythrocytes are bound to macrophages and
sequestered in the spleen
Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by:
a. creating alveolar dead space
b. impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
c. creating a right to left shunt
d. decreasing the oxygen in inspired gas -
....ANSWER...impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
,Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother:
A) is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative
B) is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
C) has type A blood and the fetus has type O blood
D) has type AB blood and the fetus has type O blood -
....ANSWER...Ans: B- is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
Alveolar dead space is a result of:
a. atelectasis
b. pulmonary edema
c. pulmonary emboli
d. pneumonia - ....ANSWER...pulmonary emboli
The cause of pulmonary edema in ARDS is the result of increased:
a. oncotic pressure increase by fulminant trauma to the lungs
b. capillary hydrostatic pressure
c. levels of serum sodium and water
d. capillary permeability - ....ANSWER...capillary permeability
When diagnosed with hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), why does the newborn
develop hyperbilirubinemia after birth but not in utero?
A) excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into the mother's circulation is
no longer possible
B) hemoglobin does now break down inot bilirubin in the intrauterin environment
C) the liver of the fetus is too immature to conjugate bilirubin from a lipid-soluble form
to a water-soluble form
D) the destruction of erythtocytes producing bilirubin is greater after birth -
....ANSWER...Ans: A- excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into
the mother's circulation is no longer possible
How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?
A) by increasing the peripheral vasoconstriction
B) by causing dysrhythmias as a result of hyperkalemia
C) by reducing the contractility of the myocardium
, D) by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system -
....ANSWER...Ans: C- by reducing the contractility of the myocardium
Pulmonary hypertension results from which of the following alteration?
a. ischemia of the myocardium
b. narrowed pulmonary capillaries
c. narrow bronchi and bronchioles
d. destruction of alveoli - ....ANSWER...narrowed pulmonary capillaries
What event is a characteristic of the function in Zone I of the lung?
A) blood flow through the pulmonary capillary bed increases in regular
increments
B) alveolar pressure is greater than venouse pressure, but not greater than arterial pressure
C) the capillary bed collapses and normal blood flow ceases
D) blood flows through Zone I, but it is ipeded to a certain extent by alveolar pressure
Ans: C- capillary bed collapses and normal blood flow ceases - ....ANSWER...Ans: C-
capillary bed collapses and normal blood flow ceases
What factor associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac sprue) causes an infant to
bruise and bleed easily?
A) vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption
B) bone marrow function depression
C) iron, folate, and B12 deficiency anemias
D) prescrbed daily warfarin (Coumadin)
Ans: A- vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption -
....ANSWER...Ans: A- vitamin K deficiency from fat malabsorption
3 pathways of the complement system -
....ANSWER...classical, lectin, alternative
DNA at the tips of chromosomes, act as caps that protect internal regions of the
chromosomes -
....ANSWER...Telomeres
Strains of Hepatitis - ....ANSWER...A,B,C,D,E
A Wilms tumor is also known by the histologic name:
a. neuroblastoma
b. blastomycosis
c. glioblastoma
