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EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o z
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fMeasurement: Nominal, O
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rdinal, Interval, and Ratio z % z % z %
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Pr
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ovide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug cat
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egories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categorie
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s of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since pat
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ients are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health proble
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ms. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be ran
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k ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another
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drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a r
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ationale for your answer. z% z% z%
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac pati
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ents
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed dr
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ug for this sample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
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% sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropria
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te.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
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resulted in ratio- z% z%
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
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z% level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove
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& Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
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study: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than $50,000
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,b. $50,000 to 59,999
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c. $60,000 to 69,999
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d. $70,000 to 80,000
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e. $80,000 or greater
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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable f
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ollow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
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z% ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two ope
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n-ended
AG 1-1z%
, AG 1-2
z% Answerz % Guidelinesz % forz % Questionsz % toz % Bez % Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since c
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atego-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might
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mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) co
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uld be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories
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can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent wit
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h ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
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item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants
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rated their symp- z% z%
z% toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the dep
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ression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
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item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017;
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Waltz et al., 2017). z% z% z%
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS sco
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res for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CD
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S scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
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level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level o
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f data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical im
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portance of this result. z% z% z%
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with t
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he greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 1
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1% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the
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%number of sub- z% z%
z% jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class inc
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reases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotio
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nal distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depres
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sion, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as
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needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treat
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ed with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the
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% nearest whole percent (%). z% z% z%
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o z
1
z % z %
%
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
z% z% z%
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio z % z % z %
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Pr
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
ovide a rationale for your answer.
z% z% z% z% z%
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug cat
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
egories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categorie
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
s of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since pat
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
ients are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their health proble
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
ms. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be ran
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
k ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial than another
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a r
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ationale for your answer. z% z% z%
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac pati
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
ents
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed dr
z % z % z % z % z % z % z % z % z % z % z % z %
ug for this sample.
z % z % z%
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z
% sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropria
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
te.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
resulted in ratio- z% z%
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
z% level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove
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& Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
study: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
a. Less than $50,000
z % z% z%
,b. $50,000 to 59,999
z % z% z%
c. $60,000 to 69,999
z % z% z%
d. $70,000 to 80,000
z % z% z%
e. $80,000 or greater
z % z% z%
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable f
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
ollow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z
% catego-
z% ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two ope
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
n-ended
AG 1-1z%
, AG 1-2
z% Answerz % Guidelinesz % forz % Questionsz % toz % Bez % Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since c
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atego-
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) co
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
uld be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent wit
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
h ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
rated their symp- z% z%
z% toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the dep
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
ression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017;
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Waltz et al., 2017). z% z% z%
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS sco
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res for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CD
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S scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
z % z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level o
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
f data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical im
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z%
portance of this result. z% z% z%
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with t
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he greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 1
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1% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z
%number of sub- z% z%
z% jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class inc
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reases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotio
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nal distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depres
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sion, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as
z% z% %
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needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treat
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ed with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the
z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z% z
% nearest whole percent (%). z% z% z%
