BKAT ICU POST TEST ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ A 4-year old female ferret presents with a history of an enlarged vulva and
truncal alopecia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Insulinoma
B. Adrenal tumor
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Sertoli cell tumor.
Answer: B. Adrenal tumorThese tumors are very common in middle-aged
ferrets and usually secrete estradiol. Common clinical signs are hair loss,
enlarged vulva, pruritus, and behavior changes. Diagnosis is made by
clinical signs, ultrasound, and measurement of serum estradiol levels.
Treatment is adrenalectomy.
◍ A 6-year old female spayed indoor only domestic medium hair presents with
a large raw lesion on its upper left lip. The owner reports the lesion has
come and gone over the past few years. Which of these treatments would
likely be most helpful?
A. Marginal surgical excision and radiation therapy
B. Wide surgical excision and chemotherapy
C. Immunosuppressive therapy and a change to a hypoallergenic diet
D. Topical trifluridine and systemic clindamycin.
Answer: C. Immunosuppressive therapy and a change to a hypoallergenic
dietThis cat's image and clinical history of a disappearing and recurring lip
ulcer is consistent with an indolent ulcer, part of the eosinophilic granuloma
complex. These are mostly found on the upper lip of cats. These lesions can
also extend into the oral cavity and can be found at the tongue base or hard
, palate. Typical treatment involves high doses of corticosteroids and
identifying possible underlying allergic disease. Sometimes, antibiotics are
indicated if severe infection is present. A hypoallergenic diet can be helpful
if food allergy is the cause. Many times, the etiology is unknown but allergy
is suspected.Squamous cell carcinoma is also a differential; however, in a
cat that has a lesion that comes and goes, this is much less likely.
◍ What condition is associated with rectal stricture in pigs?A -
IntussusceptionB - CoccidiosisC - Intestinal spirochetosisD - RotavirusE -
Salmonella typhimurium.
Answer: E - Salmonella typhimuriumSalmonella typhimurium is associated
with rectal strictures in growing pigs. Caused by an ulcerative proctitis that
damages rectal tissue.
◍ In the dog, which of the following abnormalities is most typical of estrogen
toxicity?.
Answer: Affects bone marrow, thrombocytopenia
◍ A two-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat is presented after a
suspected fall from a height of approximately 35 feet (over ten meters).The
cat is initially stabilized with intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. Four
hours later, the cat has not urinated and no urinary bladder is palpable.An
abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma, triage, and
tracking (AFAST) reveals a moderate volume abdominal effusion, with no
visible urinary bladder.What test would confirm the top differential?A -
Paired plasma and effusion potassium and creatinineB - Abdominocentesis
with Gram stain and cell countC - Measurement of BUN in blood and
fluidD - Lactate and glucose levels of peritoneal sample and bloodE - Total
protein and microscopic analysis of the ascites.
Answer: A - Paired plasma and effusion potassium and creatinineThe cat has
a traumatic urinary bladder rupture best diagnosed with paired serum and
effusion potassium and creatinine measurements. Uroperitoneum is a
surgical emergency.In cats, a fluid to blood creatinine ratio of 2:1 (same in
dogs, foals) and fluid to blood potassium ratio of 1:9:1 (1:4:1 in dogs; not
, done in foals) is diagnostic for uroabdomen. BUN measurement is often not
helpful because it readily equilibrates across the peritoneum."High rise
syndrome" is a common polytrauma in cats, characterized by a triad of
thoracic, craniofacial, and limb injuries. Stabilize life-threatening thoracic
trauma such as pneumothorax, pulmonary contusions, and diaphragmatic
hernia before surgical treatment of orthopedic trauma.
◍ Over the past two weeks, several pigs in a herd have been febrile and
depressed. Many were constipated, then had diarrhea.A few were
incoordinated and one had seizures. A few have died. Necropsy revealed
petechial hemorrhages on the kidneys and larynx, and a hemorrhagic urinary
bladder.Of the following choices, which one is most consistent with a
presumptive diagnosis?A - Classical swine feverB - Swine dysenteryC -
Glasser's diseaseD - ErysipelasE - Streptococcus suis infection.
Answer: A - Classical swine feverVirology is required to confirm and
differentiate from other causes of febrile hemorrhagic diseases. The best
tissues to submit are tonsils, maxillary or submandibular lymph nodes,
mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, ileum, and kidney.
◍ Which of the following is the most common clinical signs in horses with
guttural pouch mycosis?.
Answer: Epistaxis
◍ A two-year-old Angus cow is presented with weakness of the hind limbs
and a staggering gait.On physical exam, the heart rate and respiratory rate
are slow and irregular, and the pupils are dilated.The cow's breath and urine
smell like the odor of mouse urine.Suddenly the cow's pulse becomes rapid
and thready, she collapses, and dies of apparent respiratory failure.Which
one of the following plants is most likely to have caused this spectrum of
clinical signs?A - Centaurea spp (Knapweed, Yellow star thistle)B - Pinus
ponderosa (Western yellow pine)C - Tetradymia spp (Horsebrush)D -
Veratrum spp (False hellebore, Skunk cabbage)E - Conium maculatum
(Poison hemlock).
Answer: E - Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)At least eight toxic
, piperidine alkaloids have been isolated from poison hemlock.Coniine is
found in seeds and the mature plants; g-coniceine is found in young growing
plants.Poison hemlock is toxic to all livestock and humans. Signs of toxicity
develop one to two hours after ingestion and are usually fatal.Signs include
nervousness, trembling, weakness especially of the hind limbs, weak pulse,
irregular heart rate, recumbency, coma, and death.A mousy odor exuding
from the urine and breath is pathognomonic.Ingestion of poison hemlock
during gestation causes arthrogryposis and other congenital defects in cattle,
goats, and pigs.
◍ Several younger sheep in a large herd have died suddenly with a diagnosis
of infectious necrotic hepatitis secondary to fluke infestation.Which choice
is the most practical and effective control measure you can take next to
prevent future cases?A - Vaccinate all animals with Clostridium novyi
toxoidB - Clorsulon antihelmintic for whole herdC - Clostridium
hemolyticum bacterin for animals under 3 yearsD - High-dose penicillin for
clinical casesE - Treat ponds with copper sulfate molluscicide against
lymnaeid snails.
Answer: A - Vaccinate all animals with Clostridium novyi toxoidActive
immunization with Clostridium novyi toxoid before the late summer is the
most effective way to control and prevent infectious necrotic hepatitis
(Black disease) in sheep.Because vaccinated sheep have long-term
immunity after only one shot, only new introductions to the flock (lambs
and sheep brought in from other areas) need to be vaccinated.Reducing the
number of snails (intermediate hosts for fluke cercaria) with molluscicides
or by fencing off wet areas may not be practical due to expense or amount of
pasture lost. Likewise, use a flukicides is complicated by the need for
careful timing and long withdrawal times for meat and milk.
◍ A 3 week foal has had intermittent abdominal discomfort for 7 days. The
owner reports that the foal appears uncomfortable after nursing and that is
has also been losing weight. It also seems to make a grinding sound with its
teeth and frequently lies in the dorsal or lateral recumbent position periods
of time. Examination shows thin body condition score and a bandage on a
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ A 4-year old female ferret presents with a history of an enlarged vulva and
truncal alopecia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Insulinoma
B. Adrenal tumor
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Sertoli cell tumor.
Answer: B. Adrenal tumorThese tumors are very common in middle-aged
ferrets and usually secrete estradiol. Common clinical signs are hair loss,
enlarged vulva, pruritus, and behavior changes. Diagnosis is made by
clinical signs, ultrasound, and measurement of serum estradiol levels.
Treatment is adrenalectomy.
◍ A 6-year old female spayed indoor only domestic medium hair presents with
a large raw lesion on its upper left lip. The owner reports the lesion has
come and gone over the past few years. Which of these treatments would
likely be most helpful?
A. Marginal surgical excision and radiation therapy
B. Wide surgical excision and chemotherapy
C. Immunosuppressive therapy and a change to a hypoallergenic diet
D. Topical trifluridine and systemic clindamycin.
Answer: C. Immunosuppressive therapy and a change to a hypoallergenic
dietThis cat's image and clinical history of a disappearing and recurring lip
ulcer is consistent with an indolent ulcer, part of the eosinophilic granuloma
complex. These are mostly found on the upper lip of cats. These lesions can
also extend into the oral cavity and can be found at the tongue base or hard
, palate. Typical treatment involves high doses of corticosteroids and
identifying possible underlying allergic disease. Sometimes, antibiotics are
indicated if severe infection is present. A hypoallergenic diet can be helpful
if food allergy is the cause. Many times, the etiology is unknown but allergy
is suspected.Squamous cell carcinoma is also a differential; however, in a
cat that has a lesion that comes and goes, this is much less likely.
◍ What condition is associated with rectal stricture in pigs?A -
IntussusceptionB - CoccidiosisC - Intestinal spirochetosisD - RotavirusE -
Salmonella typhimurium.
Answer: E - Salmonella typhimuriumSalmonella typhimurium is associated
with rectal strictures in growing pigs. Caused by an ulcerative proctitis that
damages rectal tissue.
◍ In the dog, which of the following abnormalities is most typical of estrogen
toxicity?.
Answer: Affects bone marrow, thrombocytopenia
◍ A two-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat is presented after a
suspected fall from a height of approximately 35 feet (over ten meters).The
cat is initially stabilized with intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. Four
hours later, the cat has not urinated and no urinary bladder is palpable.An
abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma, triage, and
tracking (AFAST) reveals a moderate volume abdominal effusion, with no
visible urinary bladder.What test would confirm the top differential?A -
Paired plasma and effusion potassium and creatinineB - Abdominocentesis
with Gram stain and cell countC - Measurement of BUN in blood and
fluidD - Lactate and glucose levels of peritoneal sample and bloodE - Total
protein and microscopic analysis of the ascites.
Answer: A - Paired plasma and effusion potassium and creatinineThe cat has
a traumatic urinary bladder rupture best diagnosed with paired serum and
effusion potassium and creatinine measurements. Uroperitoneum is a
surgical emergency.In cats, a fluid to blood creatinine ratio of 2:1 (same in
dogs, foals) and fluid to blood potassium ratio of 1:9:1 (1:4:1 in dogs; not
, done in foals) is diagnostic for uroabdomen. BUN measurement is often not
helpful because it readily equilibrates across the peritoneum."High rise
syndrome" is a common polytrauma in cats, characterized by a triad of
thoracic, craniofacial, and limb injuries. Stabilize life-threatening thoracic
trauma such as pneumothorax, pulmonary contusions, and diaphragmatic
hernia before surgical treatment of orthopedic trauma.
◍ Over the past two weeks, several pigs in a herd have been febrile and
depressed. Many were constipated, then had diarrhea.A few were
incoordinated and one had seizures. A few have died. Necropsy revealed
petechial hemorrhages on the kidneys and larynx, and a hemorrhagic urinary
bladder.Of the following choices, which one is most consistent with a
presumptive diagnosis?A - Classical swine feverB - Swine dysenteryC -
Glasser's diseaseD - ErysipelasE - Streptococcus suis infection.
Answer: A - Classical swine feverVirology is required to confirm and
differentiate from other causes of febrile hemorrhagic diseases. The best
tissues to submit are tonsils, maxillary or submandibular lymph nodes,
mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, ileum, and kidney.
◍ Which of the following is the most common clinical signs in horses with
guttural pouch mycosis?.
Answer: Epistaxis
◍ A two-year-old Angus cow is presented with weakness of the hind limbs
and a staggering gait.On physical exam, the heart rate and respiratory rate
are slow and irregular, and the pupils are dilated.The cow's breath and urine
smell like the odor of mouse urine.Suddenly the cow's pulse becomes rapid
and thready, she collapses, and dies of apparent respiratory failure.Which
one of the following plants is most likely to have caused this spectrum of
clinical signs?A - Centaurea spp (Knapweed, Yellow star thistle)B - Pinus
ponderosa (Western yellow pine)C - Tetradymia spp (Horsebrush)D -
Veratrum spp (False hellebore, Skunk cabbage)E - Conium maculatum
(Poison hemlock).
Answer: E - Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)At least eight toxic
, piperidine alkaloids have been isolated from poison hemlock.Coniine is
found in seeds and the mature plants; g-coniceine is found in young growing
plants.Poison hemlock is toxic to all livestock and humans. Signs of toxicity
develop one to two hours after ingestion and are usually fatal.Signs include
nervousness, trembling, weakness especially of the hind limbs, weak pulse,
irregular heart rate, recumbency, coma, and death.A mousy odor exuding
from the urine and breath is pathognomonic.Ingestion of poison hemlock
during gestation causes arthrogryposis and other congenital defects in cattle,
goats, and pigs.
◍ Several younger sheep in a large herd have died suddenly with a diagnosis
of infectious necrotic hepatitis secondary to fluke infestation.Which choice
is the most practical and effective control measure you can take next to
prevent future cases?A - Vaccinate all animals with Clostridium novyi
toxoidB - Clorsulon antihelmintic for whole herdC - Clostridium
hemolyticum bacterin for animals under 3 yearsD - High-dose penicillin for
clinical casesE - Treat ponds with copper sulfate molluscicide against
lymnaeid snails.
Answer: A - Vaccinate all animals with Clostridium novyi toxoidActive
immunization with Clostridium novyi toxoid before the late summer is the
most effective way to control and prevent infectious necrotic hepatitis
(Black disease) in sheep.Because vaccinated sheep have long-term
immunity after only one shot, only new introductions to the flock (lambs
and sheep brought in from other areas) need to be vaccinated.Reducing the
number of snails (intermediate hosts for fluke cercaria) with molluscicides
or by fencing off wet areas may not be practical due to expense or amount of
pasture lost. Likewise, use a flukicides is complicated by the need for
careful timing and long withdrawal times for meat and milk.
◍ A 3 week foal has had intermittent abdominal discomfort for 7 days. The
owner reports that the foal appears uncomfortable after nursing and that is
has also been losing weight. It also seems to make a grinding sound with its
teeth and frequently lies in the dorsal or lateral recumbent position periods
of time. Examination shows thin body condition score and a bandage on a
