BIOL 322 ACTUAL TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● What factors influence enzymatic activity?
Answer: Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentrations, inhibitors.
●● What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic growth?
Answer: Anaerobic: growth in the absence of oxygen; Aerobic: growth
in the presence of oxygen.
●● What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Answer: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.
●● What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
Answer: Inputs: Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD, 4 ADP + Pi; Outputs: 2
pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH.
●● What is fermentation?
Answer: A metabolic process in which cells convert sugars into energy
(ATP) in the absence of oxygen, regenerating NAD⁺ from NADH.
, ●● What are the products of alcohol fermentation?
Answer: Alcohol and CO2.
●● What are the products of acid fermentation?
Answer: An organic acid that changes the pH of the medium.
●● How does alcohol fermentation contribute to beer production?
Answer: It produces ethanol and CO2, contributing to alcohol content
and carbonation.
●● How does fermentation affect baking?
Answer: It causes dough to rise and adds flavor, with CO2 forming air
pockets.
●● What is distillation?
Answer: A process to separate liquids based on differences in boiling
points.
●● What role does lactic acid fermentation play in cheese production?
Answer: It lowers the pH, causing sour milk to curdle.
●● What is the role of DNA in genetic information?
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● What factors influence enzymatic activity?
Answer: Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentrations, inhibitors.
●● What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic growth?
Answer: Anaerobic: growth in the absence of oxygen; Aerobic: growth
in the presence of oxygen.
●● What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Answer: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.
●● What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
Answer: Inputs: Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD, 4 ADP + Pi; Outputs: 2
pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH.
●● What is fermentation?
Answer: A metabolic process in which cells convert sugars into energy
(ATP) in the absence of oxygen, regenerating NAD⁺ from NADH.
, ●● What are the products of alcohol fermentation?
Answer: Alcohol and CO2.
●● What are the products of acid fermentation?
Answer: An organic acid that changes the pH of the medium.
●● How does alcohol fermentation contribute to beer production?
Answer: It produces ethanol and CO2, contributing to alcohol content
and carbonation.
●● How does fermentation affect baking?
Answer: It causes dough to rise and adds flavor, with CO2 forming air
pockets.
●● What is distillation?
Answer: A process to separate liquids based on differences in boiling
points.
●● What role does lactic acid fermentation play in cheese production?
Answer: It lowers the pH, causing sour milk to curdle.
●● What is the role of DNA in genetic information?
