Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf
Biology OCR A level Paper 2
Examples of bacteria - ANS-Tuberculosis, Ring rot, bacterial meningitis
Examples of viruses - ANS-HIV/AIDS, Tobacco mosaic virus (plants), influenza
Examples of protoctista - ANS-Malaria, potato/tomato late blight
Examples of fungi - ANS-Ringworm (cattle), athletes foot, black sigatoka (bananas)
Spores - ANS-The cells that some organisms use to reproduce asexually, including
some protocista and all fungi
What does mucus contain - ANS-Antimicrobial enzymes
Thromboplastin - ANS-The enzyme that triggers cascade of reactions to form a clot
Role of serotonin in blood clotting - ANS-Makes smooth muscle in walls of blood
vessels contract, reduce blood supply to that area
Role of histamines in inflammation - ANS-Make blood vessels dilate --> heat, redness,
prevents pathogens reproducing. Make vessel walls more leaky so blood plasma is
forced out --> swelling, pain
Role of cytokines during inflammation - ANS-Attract phagocytes to the site then
phagocytosis and increase temp, act as cell signalling molecules
Structure of neutrophil - ANS-Nucleus looks like 3 interconnected blobs -multilobed.
Cytoplasm is grainy
Structure of lymphocyte - ANS-Smaller than neutrophil. Nucleus takes up most of the
cell
Structure of a monocyte - ANS-Biggest white blood cell, type of phagocyte . Kidney
bean shaped nucleus and a non-grainy cytoplasm.
Variable region - ANS-antigen binding site, specific to antigen
Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf
, Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf
Constant region - ANS-for binding to receptors on cells/phagocytes
Opsonin - ANS-An antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms
or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Agglutination - ANS-An antibody can bind to 2 pathogens at the same time - pathogens
clump together. Easier for macrophages
Neutralisation - ANS-Antibodies called antitoxins can bind to the toxins. Then the
toxin-antibody complex is phagocytosed
Interleukin - ANS-a type of cytokine produced by T helper cells
Natural active immunity - ANS-becoming immune after catching a disease, produces
memory cells
Artificial active immunity - ANS-vaccination, immune system stimulated to produce
antibodies
Natural passive immunity - ANS-New born can't make antibodies in first 2 months.
Some cross placenta while in uterus, colostrum
Colostrum - ANS-Milk high in antibodies, pass into blood without being digested
Artificial passive - ANS-Antibodies are formed in an individual (animal), extracted and
injected into blood of another animal
Active immunity - ANS-Immune system makes own antibodies
Passive immunity - ANS-Being given antibodies made by a different organism
Vaccinations - ANS-The administration of antigens
Immunisation - ANS-The process by which you develop immunity
Personalised medicines/pharmocogenetics - ANS-Medicines tailored to an individuals
DNA, produce more effective drugs
Synthetic biology - ANS-Using technology to design and make things like
Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf
Biology OCR A level Paper 2
Examples of bacteria - ANS-Tuberculosis, Ring rot, bacterial meningitis
Examples of viruses - ANS-HIV/AIDS, Tobacco mosaic virus (plants), influenza
Examples of protoctista - ANS-Malaria, potato/tomato late blight
Examples of fungi - ANS-Ringworm (cattle), athletes foot, black sigatoka (bananas)
Spores - ANS-The cells that some organisms use to reproduce asexually, including
some protocista and all fungi
What does mucus contain - ANS-Antimicrobial enzymes
Thromboplastin - ANS-The enzyme that triggers cascade of reactions to form a clot
Role of serotonin in blood clotting - ANS-Makes smooth muscle in walls of blood
vessels contract, reduce blood supply to that area
Role of histamines in inflammation - ANS-Make blood vessels dilate --> heat, redness,
prevents pathogens reproducing. Make vessel walls more leaky so blood plasma is
forced out --> swelling, pain
Role of cytokines during inflammation - ANS-Attract phagocytes to the site then
phagocytosis and increase temp, act as cell signalling molecules
Structure of neutrophil - ANS-Nucleus looks like 3 interconnected blobs -multilobed.
Cytoplasm is grainy
Structure of lymphocyte - ANS-Smaller than neutrophil. Nucleus takes up most of the
cell
Structure of a monocyte - ANS-Biggest white blood cell, type of phagocyte . Kidney
bean shaped nucleus and a non-grainy cytoplasm.
Variable region - ANS-antigen binding site, specific to antigen
Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf
, Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf
Constant region - ANS-for binding to receptors on cells/phagocytes
Opsonin - ANS-An antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms
or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Agglutination - ANS-An antibody can bind to 2 pathogens at the same time - pathogens
clump together. Easier for macrophages
Neutralisation - ANS-Antibodies called antitoxins can bind to the toxins. Then the
toxin-antibody complex is phagocytosed
Interleukin - ANS-a type of cytokine produced by T helper cells
Natural active immunity - ANS-becoming immune after catching a disease, produces
memory cells
Artificial active immunity - ANS-vaccination, immune system stimulated to produce
antibodies
Natural passive immunity - ANS-New born can't make antibodies in first 2 months.
Some cross placenta while in uterus, colostrum
Colostrum - ANS-Milk high in antibodies, pass into blood without being digested
Artificial passive - ANS-Antibodies are formed in an individual (animal), extracted and
injected into blood of another animal
Active immunity - ANS-Immune system makes own antibodies
Passive immunity - ANS-Being given antibodies made by a different organism
Vaccinations - ANS-The administration of antigens
Immunisation - ANS-The process by which you develop immunity
Personalised medicines/pharmocogenetics - ANS-Medicines tailored to an individuals
DNA, produce more effective drugs
Synthetic biology - ANS-Using technology to design and make things like
Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf Biology OCR A level Paper 2 .pdf
