BIOL 322 Midterm Questions With Complete Solutions
What are the 4 types of TACK Archaea?
Thaumarcheota
Aigarcheota
Crenarcheota
Koracrcheota
What are the unique characteristics of Sulfolobus?
Type of archaea?
- Crenarcheaota
-First Canadian genome
-Aerobic
-Sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph
What are the unique characteristics of Pyrodictium abyssi?
Type of archaea?
-Crenarcheota
-Share nutrients via cannulae
-Sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph
Which member of TACK was confused as a Crenarcheota at
first?
Thaumarcheata - found as a sponge symbiont
What are the unique characteristics of Candidatus korarchaeum
cryptophylum?
,-Korarcheota
-very small genome
-eats peptides made by other organisms
What are the members of DPANN?
-Diapherotrites
-Parvarcheota
-Aenigmarcheota
-Nanoarcheota
-Nanohaloarcheota
Which member of DPANN was found first?
Nanoarcheota
What are the unique characteristics of Altiarcaea?
-DPANN archaea
-uses grappling hooks to hold onto things and each other
What bacteria is it typical to find in symbiotic relationships with
DPANN archaea?
Ignococcus hospitals - DPANN genomes are very small and
usually can't do metabolism without help.
What are the 2 main pieces of evidence for LECA?
Asgard superphylum
Mitochondria
What are the 2 main pieces of evidence for LUCA?
Ribosomes
Genetic code
,What is the oldest evidence of microbial life?
Stromatolites
What is the failed theory of nucleotide formation?
Mixing ribose, nucleobase and phosphate doesn't work?
What is the successful theory of nucleotide formation?
Mix raw materials for nucleobase with ribose (2-amino-oxazole)
then add phosphate
We have only found pathway for C and U
What special physical property does RNA have that DNA
doesn't?
It can fold on itself in 3D
What is catalyzing RNA called?
Ribozymes
What piece of evidence best supports the RNA world hypothesis
best?
Ribozymes - meant that RNA was self-replicating, which is
necessary for evolution.
What is the difference between endokaryogenic and karyogenic?
endokaryogenic - cell engulfs a nucleus with an envelope
karygenic - envelope forms around DNA (mechanism unknown
- favoured hypothesis)
What is Eigen's paradox
, Which came first, the large genome or the error correction
enzymes?
What is a xenolog?
A type of ortholog where the homologous sequences are found
in different species because of horizontal gene transfer.
What is long branch attraction?
Rapidly evolving lineages are inferred to be closely related,
regardless of their true evolutionary relationships
How was RNA originally replicated?
Replicase ribozymes
one becomes a new template and other becomes new ribozyme
Why does life need membranes?
So that Ribozymes can only replicate certain RNA
Created a source of energy by creating gradients
How were fatty acids formed?
-Individual molecules formed in hydrothermal vents
-gyeser spray
-water evaporates and creates a micelle
How do vesicles grow?
Micelle shell is added to vesicle
What 3 things are needed for evolution?
What are the 4 types of TACK Archaea?
Thaumarcheota
Aigarcheota
Crenarcheota
Koracrcheota
What are the unique characteristics of Sulfolobus?
Type of archaea?
- Crenarcheaota
-First Canadian genome
-Aerobic
-Sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph
What are the unique characteristics of Pyrodictium abyssi?
Type of archaea?
-Crenarcheota
-Share nutrients via cannulae
-Sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotroph
Which member of TACK was confused as a Crenarcheota at
first?
Thaumarcheata - found as a sponge symbiont
What are the unique characteristics of Candidatus korarchaeum
cryptophylum?
,-Korarcheota
-very small genome
-eats peptides made by other organisms
What are the members of DPANN?
-Diapherotrites
-Parvarcheota
-Aenigmarcheota
-Nanoarcheota
-Nanohaloarcheota
Which member of DPANN was found first?
Nanoarcheota
What are the unique characteristics of Altiarcaea?
-DPANN archaea
-uses grappling hooks to hold onto things and each other
What bacteria is it typical to find in symbiotic relationships with
DPANN archaea?
Ignococcus hospitals - DPANN genomes are very small and
usually can't do metabolism without help.
What are the 2 main pieces of evidence for LECA?
Asgard superphylum
Mitochondria
What are the 2 main pieces of evidence for LUCA?
Ribosomes
Genetic code
,What is the oldest evidence of microbial life?
Stromatolites
What is the failed theory of nucleotide formation?
Mixing ribose, nucleobase and phosphate doesn't work?
What is the successful theory of nucleotide formation?
Mix raw materials for nucleobase with ribose (2-amino-oxazole)
then add phosphate
We have only found pathway for C and U
What special physical property does RNA have that DNA
doesn't?
It can fold on itself in 3D
What is catalyzing RNA called?
Ribozymes
What piece of evidence best supports the RNA world hypothesis
best?
Ribozymes - meant that RNA was self-replicating, which is
necessary for evolution.
What is the difference between endokaryogenic and karyogenic?
endokaryogenic - cell engulfs a nucleus with an envelope
karygenic - envelope forms around DNA (mechanism unknown
- favoured hypothesis)
What is Eigen's paradox
, Which came first, the large genome or the error correction
enzymes?
What is a xenolog?
A type of ortholog where the homologous sequences are found
in different species because of horizontal gene transfer.
What is long branch attraction?
Rapidly evolving lineages are inferred to be closely related,
regardless of their true evolutionary relationships
How was RNA originally replicated?
Replicase ribozymes
one becomes a new template and other becomes new ribozyme
Why does life need membranes?
So that Ribozymes can only replicate certain RNA
Created a source of energy by creating gradients
How were fatty acids formed?
-Individual molecules formed in hydrothermal vents
-gyeser spray
-water evaporates and creates a micelle
How do vesicles grow?
Micelle shell is added to vesicle
What 3 things are needed for evolution?
