TRANSITION TO PRACTICE CAPSTONE EXAM 3
2026 PRACTICE TEST A PLUS REVISION GUIDE
◉ what is HHNS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic
syndrome)? what are S/S? treatment? Answer: -common with Type
2, there is enough insulin to prevent ketosis (breakdown of fatty
tissue for energy)
-excessively high glucose rate, high mortality rate
S/S: thirst, polyuria, dry mouth, weak, confusion, dry skin, vision
changes, N/V, leg cramps
treatment: volume and insulin
◉ What are the chronic complications of diabetes? Answer:
microvascular disorders (capillary damage): neuropathies,
nephropathies, retinopathies
macrovascular (medium and large vessels): cardiovascular,
cerebrovascular, peripheral artery disease
infection
◉ what is retinopathy? Answer: -retinal hypoxemia (not enough
oxygen), capillary permeability (edema, hemorrhage), retinal
ischemia, areas of infarct (death of tissues), scar tissues
,-can lead to blindness, splotchy vision
◉ what is neuropathy? Answer: -damage to nerves, becoming
ischemic, demyelination (loose nerve impulse)
-loose pain, temperature, and vibration sensation
-problems with hands, feet, joints (Charcot arthropathy)
-autonomic issues (delayed gastric emptying, decreased bladder
function)
◉ what is nephropathy? Answer: -glomercular changes in kidneys
-glucose binds to proteins, increases blood flow (increases pressure,
more damage)
-glomercular sclerosis (decreased flow and filtration)
◉ What are the macrovascular chronic complications of diabetes?
Answer: cardiovascular: heart failure
cerebrovascular: stroke
PVD: decreased sensation, decrease blood flow
leads to poor wound healing, don't recognize get injured, reason
why loose toes
something gets in shoes but don't feel it
, ◉ why is the risk for infection increased with diabetes? Answer: -
diminished warning signs (peripheral and retinal nueropathies)
-tissue hypoxia (healthy cells can't get to wound to heal)
-rapid proliferation of pathogens (excess glucose where bacteria
feeds)
-decreased circulation of good WBCs (abnormal and less effective)
-high chance of UTI/fungal/yeast/grangrene
◉ what is the goal of treatment of Type 1 diabetes? Answer: -
prevent hyperglycemia
-decrease long term complications
-maintain glycemic control and blood lipid levels
◉ rapid acting insulin: generic name, onset, peak, duration, when is
administered Answer: generic name: lispro
onset: 15 minutes
peak: 1 hour
duration: 2-4 hours
-administered in association with meals to control postprandial
meal glucose rises
-give with food
2026 PRACTICE TEST A PLUS REVISION GUIDE
◉ what is HHNS (hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic
syndrome)? what are S/S? treatment? Answer: -common with Type
2, there is enough insulin to prevent ketosis (breakdown of fatty
tissue for energy)
-excessively high glucose rate, high mortality rate
S/S: thirst, polyuria, dry mouth, weak, confusion, dry skin, vision
changes, N/V, leg cramps
treatment: volume and insulin
◉ What are the chronic complications of diabetes? Answer:
microvascular disorders (capillary damage): neuropathies,
nephropathies, retinopathies
macrovascular (medium and large vessels): cardiovascular,
cerebrovascular, peripheral artery disease
infection
◉ what is retinopathy? Answer: -retinal hypoxemia (not enough
oxygen), capillary permeability (edema, hemorrhage), retinal
ischemia, areas of infarct (death of tissues), scar tissues
,-can lead to blindness, splotchy vision
◉ what is neuropathy? Answer: -damage to nerves, becoming
ischemic, demyelination (loose nerve impulse)
-loose pain, temperature, and vibration sensation
-problems with hands, feet, joints (Charcot arthropathy)
-autonomic issues (delayed gastric emptying, decreased bladder
function)
◉ what is nephropathy? Answer: -glomercular changes in kidneys
-glucose binds to proteins, increases blood flow (increases pressure,
more damage)
-glomercular sclerosis (decreased flow and filtration)
◉ What are the macrovascular chronic complications of diabetes?
Answer: cardiovascular: heart failure
cerebrovascular: stroke
PVD: decreased sensation, decrease blood flow
leads to poor wound healing, don't recognize get injured, reason
why loose toes
something gets in shoes but don't feel it
, ◉ why is the risk for infection increased with diabetes? Answer: -
diminished warning signs (peripheral and retinal nueropathies)
-tissue hypoxia (healthy cells can't get to wound to heal)
-rapid proliferation of pathogens (excess glucose where bacteria
feeds)
-decreased circulation of good WBCs (abnormal and less effective)
-high chance of UTI/fungal/yeast/grangrene
◉ what is the goal of treatment of Type 1 diabetes? Answer: -
prevent hyperglycemia
-decrease long term complications
-maintain glycemic control and blood lipid levels
◉ rapid acting insulin: generic name, onset, peak, duration, when is
administered Answer: generic name: lispro
onset: 15 minutes
peak: 1 hour
duration: 2-4 hours
-administered in association with meals to control postprandial
meal glucose rises
-give with food
