NUR 2063 Essentials Pathophysiology Exam 2
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Questions & Answers 2026\2027 update v v v v
1. What is gastritis?
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Answer Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irrit
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ated
2. What are the causes of gastritis?
v v v v v
Answer Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruse
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s and bacteria
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3. What is GERD? v v
Answer the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esop
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hageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach
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acid that comes up.
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4. What are the causes ofGERD?
v v v v v
Answer Anycondition or agent that alters closure ofthe lower esophageal sphincter o
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rincreases in abdominal pressure, fattyfood, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smok
v v v v v v v v v v v v
ing, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
v v v v v v v
5. What are complications ofGERD?
v v v v
AnswerBarrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tiss
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ue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
1v/v34
,lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as co
v v v v v v v v v v v
ugh, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
v v v v v v v v
6. What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
v v v v v v v v v
Answer epigastric burn- v v
v ing pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and
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is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without war
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
v v v v v v v v v v v v
7. What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease?
v v v v v v v v v
Answer promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic ar
v v v v v v v v v v v v
eas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can h
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
elp ulcers heal.
v v
8. What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff)
v v v
Answer acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining ca
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nnot absorb well.
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9. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v
Answer clostridium difficile, expo- v v v
sure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
1 0. What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v v v
Answer foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, coloni
v v v v v v v v v
c perfora- tion.
v v
2v/v34
,1 1 . How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v v v
Answer stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give or
v v v v v v v v v v
al antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if sev
v v v v v v v v v v v
ere
1 2. How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v v v v v
Answer wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
v v v v v v v v v v v
1 3. What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?
v v v v v v v v v
Answer Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain
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, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
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1 4. How do we assess for appendicitis?
v v v v v v v
Answer McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip r
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
egion and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive appendiciti
v v v v v v v v v v
s
1 5. What are the causes of bowel obstructions?
v v v v v v v v
Answer previous surgery of the in-
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testines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities ofthe bowel, metastatic cancer of t
v v v v v v v v v v v v
he intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water an
v v v v v v v v v v v v
d electrolytes in the bowel.
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3v/v34
, 1 6. What is a functional bowel obstruction?
v v v v v v v
Answer a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow mot
v v v v v v v v v v v v
ility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
v v v v v v v v v v
17. What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?
v v v v v v v
Answer due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the i
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ntestines, intussusception v
1 8. What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?
v v v v v v v v v v
Answer hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, d
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ecreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockag
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e of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
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1 9. Explain what jaundice is?
v v v v v
Answer green- v
v yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabol
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ize extra bilirubin
v v
20. Where can you find jaundice on assessment? v v v v v v
Answer eyes, skin, and mouth v v v v
21. Explain what ascites is? v v v
Answer pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of alb
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
umin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
4v/v34
v v v v v v
Questions & Answers 2026\2027 update v v v v
1. What is gastritis?
v v v
Answer Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irrit
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ated
2. What are the causes of gastritis?
v v v v v
Answer Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruse
v v v v v v v v v v
s and bacteria
v v
3. What is GERD? v v
Answer the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esop
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
hageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach
v v v v v v v v v v v v
acid that comes up.
v v v
4. What are the causes ofGERD?
v v v v v
Answer Anycondition or agent that alters closure ofthe lower esophageal sphincter o
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
rincreases in abdominal pressure, fattyfood, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smok
v v v v v v v v v v v v
ing, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
v v v v v v v
5. What are complications ofGERD?
v v v v
AnswerBarrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tiss
v v v v v v v v v
ue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
1v/v34
,lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as co
v v v v v v v v v v v
ugh, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
v v v v v v v v
6. What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
v v v v v v v v v
Answer epigastric burn- v v
v ing pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without war
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
v v v v v v v v v v v v
7. What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease?
v v v v v v v v v
Answer promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic ar
v v v v v v v v v v v v
eas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can h
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
elp ulcers heal.
v v
8. What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff)
v v v
Answer acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining ca
v v v v v v v v v v v
nnot absorb well.
v v
9. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v
Answer clostridium difficile, expo- v v v
sure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
1 0. What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v v v
Answer foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, coloni
v v v v v v v v v
c perfora- tion.
v v
2v/v34
,1 1 . How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v v v
Answer stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give or
v v v v v v v v v v
al antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if sev
v v v v v v v v v v v
ere
1 2. How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis?
v v v v v v v v v v
Answer wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
v v v v v v v v v v v
1 3. What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?
v v v v v v v v v
Answer Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain
v v v v v v v v v v v v
, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
v v v v v v v v v v
1 4. How do we assess for appendicitis?
v v v v v v v
Answer McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip r
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
egion and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive appendiciti
v v v v v v v v v v
s
1 5. What are the causes of bowel obstructions?
v v v v v v v v
Answer previous surgery of the in-
v v v v v
testines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities ofthe bowel, metastatic cancer of t
v v v v v v v v v v v v
he intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water an
v v v v v v v v v v v v
d electrolytes in the bowel.
v v v v
3v/v34
, 1 6. What is a functional bowel obstruction?
v v v v v v v
Answer a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow mot
v v v v v v v v v v v v
ility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
v v v v v v v v v v
17. What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?
v v v v v v v
Answer due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the i
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ntestines, intussusception v
1 8. What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?
v v v v v v v v v v
Answer hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, d
v v v v v v v
ecreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockag
v v v v v v v v v v v v
e of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
v v v v v v v v v v
1 9. Explain what jaundice is?
v v v v v
Answer green- v
v yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabol
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
ize extra bilirubin
v v
20. Where can you find jaundice on assessment? v v v v v v
Answer eyes, skin, and mouth v v v v
21. Explain what ascites is? v v v
Answer pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of alb
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
umin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
4v/v34
