Pathophysiology
Final Exam
Questions And Answers | Comprehensive Review
| Detailed Rationales | Latest 2026 Instant Pdf
Download | Graded A+
This exam covers the underlying mechanisms of
disease, including cellular injury, inflammation,
immunity, neoplasia, and systemic pathophysiology.
,Section 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation, & Death (Questions
1–15)
1. Which of the following is an example of reversible
cellular injury?
A. Apoptosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) is a reversible
response to injury caused by failure of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase. Necrosis
and apoptosis are irreversible.
2. The type of necrosis most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction is:
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemia in
,solid organs (heart, kidney, liver). Protein denaturation
preserves tissue architecture for days.
3. Caseous necrosis is characteristic of:
A. Tuberculosis
B. Pancreatitis
C. Ischemic stroke
D. Bacterial abscess
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is seen in
tuberculosis and some fungal infections. It is a combination of
coagulative and liquefactive necrosis with granulomatous
inflammation.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
A. Extensive inflammation
B. Cellular swelling and lysis
C. Cell shrinkage with chromatin condensation and formation of
apoptotic bodies
D. Random DNA degradation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized
, by cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptotic bodies
without inflammation.
5. Atrophy of an organ can result from all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. Decreased workload (disuse)
B. Denervation
C. Chronic ischemia
D. Increased hormonal stimulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Atrophy is decreased cell size from reduced
demand, denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, or loss of
hormonal stimulation. Increased stimulation causes
hypertrophy.
6. Hyperplasia is defined as:
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number
C. Metaplasia of cells
D. Dysplasia of cells
Final Exam
Questions And Answers | Comprehensive Review
| Detailed Rationales | Latest 2026 Instant Pdf
Download | Graded A+
This exam covers the underlying mechanisms of
disease, including cellular injury, inflammation,
immunity, neoplasia, and systemic pathophysiology.
,Section 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation, & Death (Questions
1–15)
1. Which of the following is an example of reversible
cellular injury?
A. Apoptosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
D. Liquefactive necrosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) is a reversible
response to injury caused by failure of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase. Necrosis
and apoptosis are irreversible.
2. The type of necrosis most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction is:
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemia in
,solid organs (heart, kidney, liver). Protein denaturation
preserves tissue architecture for days.
3. Caseous necrosis is characteristic of:
A. Tuberculosis
B. Pancreatitis
C. Ischemic stroke
D. Bacterial abscess
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is seen in
tuberculosis and some fungal infections. It is a combination of
coagulative and liquefactive necrosis with granulomatous
inflammation.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
A. Extensive inflammation
B. Cellular swelling and lysis
C. Cell shrinkage with chromatin condensation and formation of
apoptotic bodies
D. Random DNA degradation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized
, by cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptotic bodies
without inflammation.
5. Atrophy of an organ can result from all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. Decreased workload (disuse)
B. Denervation
C. Chronic ischemia
D. Increased hormonal stimulation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Atrophy is decreased cell size from reduced
demand, denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, or loss of
hormonal stimulation. Increased stimulation causes
hypertrophy.
6. Hyperplasia is defined as:
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number
C. Metaplasia of cells
D. Dysplasia of cells
