NURS 2003 Midterm (2026-2027) UPDATE EXAM
200 QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE CHOICES
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW)!!
acids base imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER: - when we look at acid base imbalances our
patients can either have a...
>respiratory or metabolic problem (or both)
> acidosis or an alkalosis
acute coronary syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: - when ischemia is prolonged and is not
immediately reversible, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) develops
- ACS encompasses
- unstable angina (UA)
- Non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- ST-segment-elevation MI (STEMI)
alarm reaction - CORRECT ANSWER: - acute stress
- person perceives a stressor physically or mentally
- "fight or flight"
- temporarily decreases the individual's resistance and may even result in disease or death if the
stress is prolonged and severe
- sympathoadrenal response
assessing wounds - CORRECT ANSWER: measure
M- measure height, width, depth
E- exudate
A- appearance of wound bed (red, yellow, black, mixed)
S- suffering (pain quality and intensity)
,U- undermining
R- revaluate
E- edge
assessment: physical examination (COPD) - CORRECT ANSWER: - vital signs and O2
saturation
- weight
- prolonged expiratory phase
- wheezes or decreased breath sounds or crackles
- barrel chest due to hyperinflation
- tripod position
- pursed lip breathing
- accessory muscle use
- edema of ankles, increased JVP, ascites, weight gain possible
- cyanosis possible or blue/red colour due to hypoxemia/polycythemia respectively
asthma - CORRECT ANSWER: chronic inflammatory disorder of airways
- causes airway hyper-responsiveness leading to wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and
cough
at risk of heart disease and heart failure but without structural heart disease or symptoms of heart
failure - CORRECT ANSWER: people with:
- hypertension
- diabetes
- obesity
- smoking
- high cholesterol
,attitude - CORRECT ANSWER: postitive vs negative
base bicarbonate (HCO3) - CORRECT ANSWER: - normal HCO3 in arterial blood is 21-28
mmol/L
- the primary regulator of base bicarbonate is the kidneys.
>they will try to conserve as much bicarbonate as they can to neutralize acids
>they can secrete small amounts of hydrogen ions into the renal tubule
>they can combine H+ ions with ammonia to form ammonium
>they can also excrete small amounts of weak acids
body's normal defense mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER: to protect the body from injury and
infection, the body has a variety of built in defense mechanisms:
1. skin and mucous membranes
2. mononuclear phagocytic system
3. inflammatory system (vascular and cellular)
4. immune system
carbonic acid - CORRECT ANSWER: - normal PA CO2 in arterial blood is 35-45 mmHg
- if a person has a low amount of CO2 (<35) in they blood they are considered to be alkalotic
- if a person has a high amount of CO2 (>45) in their blood they are considered to be acidotic
cardiovascular and renal actions of natriuretic peptides - CORRECT ANSWER: - natriuresis
- diuresis
- improve glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction
- inhibit renin release (decreased circulating angiotensin II, decreased circulating aldosterone)
- systemic vasodilation
- arterial hypotension
- reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
, cerebral cortex (stress) - CORRECT ANSWER: the emotional-psychological events (Stressor) is
evaluated with reference to past experiences and future consequences, and a course of action is
planned. these functions are involved in the perception of a stressor
chill stage of febrile response - CORRECT ANSWER: cutaneous vasoconstrictions
(goosebumps), pale skins, feeling chilled, generalized shaking... shivering increases the
metabolic rate which allows body temperature to reach a new set temperature in the control
center of the hypothalamus
chronic bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER: mucus gland hyperplasia and airway structural
changes: clinically defined
chronic bronchitis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER: - remodelling of airways due to
inflammation
- excess mucus production due to increase in number of goblet cells
- dysfunction of cilia so difficulty with clearing mucus
- leads to narrowing and obstruction of airways
chronic endothelial injury - CORRECT ANSWER: - hypertension
- tobacco use
- hyperlipidemia
- hyperhomocysteinemia
- diabetes
- infections
- toxins
200 QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE CHOICES
VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW)!!
acids base imbalances - CORRECT ANSWER: - when we look at acid base imbalances our
patients can either have a...
>respiratory or metabolic problem (or both)
> acidosis or an alkalosis
acute coronary syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: - when ischemia is prolonged and is not
immediately reversible, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) develops
- ACS encompasses
- unstable angina (UA)
- Non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- ST-segment-elevation MI (STEMI)
alarm reaction - CORRECT ANSWER: - acute stress
- person perceives a stressor physically or mentally
- "fight or flight"
- temporarily decreases the individual's resistance and may even result in disease or death if the
stress is prolonged and severe
- sympathoadrenal response
assessing wounds - CORRECT ANSWER: measure
M- measure height, width, depth
E- exudate
A- appearance of wound bed (red, yellow, black, mixed)
S- suffering (pain quality and intensity)
,U- undermining
R- revaluate
E- edge
assessment: physical examination (COPD) - CORRECT ANSWER: - vital signs and O2
saturation
- weight
- prolonged expiratory phase
- wheezes or decreased breath sounds or crackles
- barrel chest due to hyperinflation
- tripod position
- pursed lip breathing
- accessory muscle use
- edema of ankles, increased JVP, ascites, weight gain possible
- cyanosis possible or blue/red colour due to hypoxemia/polycythemia respectively
asthma - CORRECT ANSWER: chronic inflammatory disorder of airways
- causes airway hyper-responsiveness leading to wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and
cough
at risk of heart disease and heart failure but without structural heart disease or symptoms of heart
failure - CORRECT ANSWER: people with:
- hypertension
- diabetes
- obesity
- smoking
- high cholesterol
,attitude - CORRECT ANSWER: postitive vs negative
base bicarbonate (HCO3) - CORRECT ANSWER: - normal HCO3 in arterial blood is 21-28
mmol/L
- the primary regulator of base bicarbonate is the kidneys.
>they will try to conserve as much bicarbonate as they can to neutralize acids
>they can secrete small amounts of hydrogen ions into the renal tubule
>they can combine H+ ions with ammonia to form ammonium
>they can also excrete small amounts of weak acids
body's normal defense mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER: to protect the body from injury and
infection, the body has a variety of built in defense mechanisms:
1. skin and mucous membranes
2. mononuclear phagocytic system
3. inflammatory system (vascular and cellular)
4. immune system
carbonic acid - CORRECT ANSWER: - normal PA CO2 in arterial blood is 35-45 mmHg
- if a person has a low amount of CO2 (<35) in they blood they are considered to be alkalotic
- if a person has a high amount of CO2 (>45) in their blood they are considered to be acidotic
cardiovascular and renal actions of natriuretic peptides - CORRECT ANSWER: - natriuresis
- diuresis
- improve glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction
- inhibit renin release (decreased circulating angiotensin II, decreased circulating aldosterone)
- systemic vasodilation
- arterial hypotension
- reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
, cerebral cortex (stress) - CORRECT ANSWER: the emotional-psychological events (Stressor) is
evaluated with reference to past experiences and future consequences, and a course of action is
planned. these functions are involved in the perception of a stressor
chill stage of febrile response - CORRECT ANSWER: cutaneous vasoconstrictions
(goosebumps), pale skins, feeling chilled, generalized shaking... shivering increases the
metabolic rate which allows body temperature to reach a new set temperature in the control
center of the hypothalamus
chronic bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER: mucus gland hyperplasia and airway structural
changes: clinically defined
chronic bronchitis pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER: - remodelling of airways due to
inflammation
- excess mucus production due to increase in number of goblet cells
- dysfunction of cilia so difficulty with clearing mucus
- leads to narrowing and obstruction of airways
chronic endothelial injury - CORRECT ANSWER: - hypertension
- tobacco use
- hyperlipidemia
- hyperhomocysteinemia
- diabetes
- infections
- toxins
