NUR 555 HESI REVIEW QUESTIONS LATEST 2026/27 STUDY GUIDE
1. An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and
often abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: what is that?
a. Positive Feedback
b. Negative Feedback
c. Disease
d. Homeostasis
2. What organ shrinks with age?
a. Prostate
b. Gums
c. Heart
d. All of the above
3. Which of the following is true?
a. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult
b. The elderly have better temperature sensations
c. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person
d. There is less thirst perception in the elderly
4. Which of the following is true?
a. Women snore more than men
b. Men have higher calcium levels
c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men
d. Men have a lower creatinine level than women
5. An increase in normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude
is termed which?
a. Circadian
b. Acclimatization
c. Population
d. Diurnal
6. What does it mean when the cause of the disease is unwanted medical treatment?
a. Idiopathic
b. Ecogenetic
c. Genotypical
d. Iatrogenic
7. Which term is used for the first two months of life?
a. Infancy
b. Childhood
c. Prenatal
d. Neonatal
,8. Which is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?
a. Symptom
b. Syndrome
c. Stage
d. Sign
9. Which of the following is true regarding catecholamines?
a. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system
b. They cross the blood brain barrier
c. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. They cause of decrease in heart rate
10. Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation
b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception
c. Epinephrine and cortisol act very differently
d. Cortisol negates epinephrine's activity
11. By what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes?
a. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system
b. They are transported across the plasma membrane by endocytosis and exocytosis
c. They use voltage-gated ion channels
d. They cross by diffusion
12. Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Glycolysis
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
13. Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume?
a. The calcium pump
b. Glucose transporters
c. The sodium-potassium pump
d. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters
14. Cellular hypoxia results in:
a. Enhanced ATP activity
b. Loss of intracellular calcium
c. Increased pH
d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
15. A 75 yo woman develops weakness in her lower extremities after
a prolonged period of bed rest. This is most likely caused by:
, a. Atrophy of her leg muscles
b. Dysplasia of her leg muscles
c. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles
d. Hyperplasia of her leg muscles
16. Which of the following types of cellular adaption is most likely to
occur from chronic ischemia?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hyperplasia
17. What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea
divers get 'the bends'?
a. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the
cellular membranes
b. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the RBCs from
carrying O2
c. Intracellular calcium accumlation create muscle tetany
d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in
ischemia
Which type of cellular adaption would create the greatest concern if found on a
biopsy report?
a. Dysplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Hyperplasia
d. Atrophy
Which of the following is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from single
stranded DNA?
a. Sense stranding
b. Replication
c. Translation
D. Transcription
Which of the following is not one of the 4 cell types found in adult humans?
a. Epithelium
b. Connective tissue
c. Hematopoietic tissue
d. Nervous tissue
a. aa
, If a patient has a recessive trait, which of the following is the genotype of this
patient?
a. aa
b. AA
c. Aa
d. aA
a. duplication
Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities has been linked with Down
Syndrome?
a. Translocation
b. Inversion
c. Deletion
d. Duplication
c. Hemophilia
Which of the following refers to a deficiency of factor VIII that causes a bleeding
disorder?
a. Marfan Syndrome
b. Phenylketonuria
c. Hemophilia
d. Huntington
c. Epstein-Barr virus
Which of the following is a retrovirus that causes cancer?
a. Rhinovirus
b. Parvovirus
c. Epstein-Barr virus
d. Poxvirus
b. BRCA1
Which of the following genes contributes specifically to some breast cancer?
a. Rb
b. BRCA1
c. P53
d. VHL
c. Grading
Which is used to describe the histologic characteristics of tumor cells?
a. Staging
1. An initial disturbance in a system sets off a chain of events that does not favor stability and
often abruptly displaces a system from its steady state: what is that?
a. Positive Feedback
b. Negative Feedback
c. Disease
d. Homeostasis
2. What organ shrinks with age?
a. Prostate
b. Gums
c. Heart
d. All of the above
3. Which of the following is true?
a. An infant will have a slower heart rate than an adult
b. The elderly have better temperature sensations
c. There are more sweat glands in an elderly person
d. There is less thirst perception in the elderly
4. Which of the following is true?
a. Women snore more than men
b. Men have higher calcium levels
c. Women have a lower hemoglobin than men
d. Men have a lower creatinine level than women
5. An increase in normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitude
is termed which?
a. Circadian
b. Acclimatization
c. Population
d. Diurnal
6. What does it mean when the cause of the disease is unwanted medical treatment?
a. Idiopathic
b. Ecogenetic
c. Genotypical
d. Iatrogenic
7. Which term is used for the first two months of life?
a. Infancy
b. Childhood
c. Prenatal
d. Neonatal
,8. Which is an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?
a. Symptom
b. Syndrome
c. Stage
d. Sign
9. Which of the following is true regarding catecholamines?
a. They are from the parasympathetic nervous system
b. They cross the blood brain barrier
c. They include epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. They cause of decrease in heart rate
10. Which of the following is a true statement?
a. Antidiuretic hormone is not important for blood volume regulation
b. Endorphins increase with stress, resulting in a decrease in pain perception
c. Epinephrine and cortisol act very differently
d. Cortisol negates epinephrine's activity
11. By what mechanism do lipid molecules cross cell membranes?
a. They use channel proteins as a membrane transport system
b. They are transported across the plasma membrane by endocytosis and exocytosis
c. They use voltage-gated ion channels
d. They cross by diffusion
12. Which of the following metabolic processes is a component of anabolic metabolism?
a. Protein synthesis
b. Glycolysis
c. Citric acid cycle
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
13. Which of the following electrochemical mechanism is responsible for maintaining cell volume?
a. The calcium pump
b. Glucose transporters
c. The sodium-potassium pump
d. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters
14. Cellular hypoxia results in:
a. Enhanced ATP activity
b. Loss of intracellular calcium
c. Increased pH
d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
15. A 75 yo woman develops weakness in her lower extremities after
a prolonged period of bed rest. This is most likely caused by:
, a. Atrophy of her leg muscles
b. Dysplasia of her leg muscles
c. Hypertrophy of her leg muscles
d. Hyperplasia of her leg muscles
16. Which of the following types of cellular adaption is most likely to
occur from chronic ischemia?
a. Hypertrophy
b. Metaplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Hyperplasia
17. What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea
divers get 'the bends'?
a. Free radicals form abnormal chemical bonds which destroy the
cellular membranes
b. Carbon monoxide binds tightly to hemoglobin, preventing the RBCs from
carrying O2
c. Intracellular calcium accumlation create muscle tetany
d. Gas bubbles from in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in
ischemia
Which type of cellular adaption would create the greatest concern if found on a
biopsy report?
a. Dysplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Hyperplasia
d. Atrophy
Which of the following is the process by which mRNA is synthesized from single
stranded DNA?
a. Sense stranding
b. Replication
c. Translation
D. Transcription
Which of the following is not one of the 4 cell types found in adult humans?
a. Epithelium
b. Connective tissue
c. Hematopoietic tissue
d. Nervous tissue
a. aa
, If a patient has a recessive trait, which of the following is the genotype of this
patient?
a. aa
b. AA
c. Aa
d. aA
a. duplication
Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities has been linked with Down
Syndrome?
a. Translocation
b. Inversion
c. Deletion
d. Duplication
c. Hemophilia
Which of the following refers to a deficiency of factor VIII that causes a bleeding
disorder?
a. Marfan Syndrome
b. Phenylketonuria
c. Hemophilia
d. Huntington
c. Epstein-Barr virus
Which of the following is a retrovirus that causes cancer?
a. Rhinovirus
b. Parvovirus
c. Epstein-Barr virus
d. Poxvirus
b. BRCA1
Which of the following genes contributes specifically to some breast cancer?
a. Rb
b. BRCA1
c. P53
d. VHL
c. Grading
Which is used to describe the histologic characteristics of tumor cells?
a. Staging
