HESI Pathophysiology 2024-2025 Save Groups
Terms in this set (1277)
Which of the following best describes the b) chronic inflammation and bronchoconstriction of the airways
pathophysiology of asthma?
a) Excessive mucus production in the airways
leading to obstruction
b) Chronic inflammation and
bronchoconstriction of the airways
c) Destruction of alveoli and decreased lung
elasticity
d) Thickening and scarring of lung tissue
leading to reduced compliance
A patient with diabetes mellitus is a) hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and
polyphagia. Which of the following
pathophysiological mechanisms is primarily
responsible for these symptoms?
a) Hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
b) Decreased insulin production by the
pancreas
c) Insulin resistance at the cellular level
d) Glycosylation of proteins leading to tissue
damage
In a patient with congestive heart failure, b) sympathetic nervous system stimulation
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is most likely to occur initially as a
compensatory mechanism?
a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)
b) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
c) Ventricular hypertrophy
d) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
,What is the primary pathophysiological a) autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage and synovial
mechanism underlying rheumatoid arthritis? membrane
a) Autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage
and synovial membrane
b) Degeneration of articular cartilage due to
mechanical stress
c) Accumulation of uric acid crystals in the
joints
d) Excessive production of synovial fluid
leading to joint effusion
Which of the following pathophysiological a) destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elasticity
changes is characteristic of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Destruction of alveoli and loss of lung
elasticity
b) Inflammation and scarring of the pleura
c) Increased production of surfactant in the
lungs
d) Constriction of bronchioles due to smooth
muscle hypertrophy
What is the primary pathophysiological a) blockage of cerebral blood vessels by a thrombus or embolus
mechanism underlying ischemic stroke?
a) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by a
thrombus or embolus
b) Rupture of cerebral blood vessels leading
to hemorrhage
c) Impaired cerebral perfusion due to systemic
hypotension
d) Compression of cerebral tissue by a tumor
or hematoma
Which of the following pathophysiological d) progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
mechanisms is responsible for the
development of chronic kidney disease
(CKD)?
a) Glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy
b) Immune-mediated destruction of renal
tubules
c) Obstruction of urinary flow due to kidney
stones
d) Progressive loss of nephrons and renal
function over time
, In a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, b) impaired glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is primarily responsible for insulin
resistance?
a) Decreased secretion of insulin by
pancreatic beta cells
b) Impaired glucose uptake by peripheral
tissues
c) Hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of insulin
receptor signaling
d) Dysregulation of hepatic glucose
production
Which of the following pathophysiological c) chronic inflammation and infection with H. pylori
mechanisms is associated with the
development of peptic ulcer disease?
a) Excessive production of gastric acid by
parietal cells
b) Impaired mucosal blood flow leading to
ischemia
c) Chronic inflammation and infection with
Helicobacter pylori
d) Dysfunction of the lower esophageal
sphincter allowing reflux of gastric contents
What is the primary pathophysiological a) accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in
mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease? the brain
a) Accumulation of amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
b) Degeneration of motor neurons in the
spinal cord
c) Impaired transmission of acetylcholine at
the neuromuscular junction
d) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
thrombi or emboli
What is the primary cause of cystic fibrosis? c) mutations in the CFTR gene leading to defective chloride ion
a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta transport
cells
b) Excessive production of mucus by bronchial
glands
c) Mutations in the CFTR gene leading to
defective chloride ion transport
d) Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke and
environmental pollutants
Terms in this set (1277)
Which of the following best describes the b) chronic inflammation and bronchoconstriction of the airways
pathophysiology of asthma?
a) Excessive mucus production in the airways
leading to obstruction
b) Chronic inflammation and
bronchoconstriction of the airways
c) Destruction of alveoli and decreased lung
elasticity
d) Thickening and scarring of lung tissue
leading to reduced compliance
A patient with diabetes mellitus is a) hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and
polyphagia. Which of the following
pathophysiological mechanisms is primarily
responsible for these symptoms?
a) Hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis
b) Decreased insulin production by the
pancreas
c) Insulin resistance at the cellular level
d) Glycosylation of proteins leading to tissue
damage
In a patient with congestive heart failure, b) sympathetic nervous system stimulation
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is most likely to occur initially as a
compensatory mechanism?
a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)
b) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
c) Ventricular hypertrophy
d) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
,What is the primary pathophysiological a) autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage and synovial
mechanism underlying rheumatoid arthritis? membrane
a) Autoimmune destruction of joint cartilage
and synovial membrane
b) Degeneration of articular cartilage due to
mechanical stress
c) Accumulation of uric acid crystals in the
joints
d) Excessive production of synovial fluid
leading to joint effusion
Which of the following pathophysiological a) destruction of alveoli and loss of lung elasticity
changes is characteristic of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Destruction of alveoli and loss of lung
elasticity
b) Inflammation and scarring of the pleura
c) Increased production of surfactant in the
lungs
d) Constriction of bronchioles due to smooth
muscle hypertrophy
What is the primary pathophysiological a) blockage of cerebral blood vessels by a thrombus or embolus
mechanism underlying ischemic stroke?
a) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by a
thrombus or embolus
b) Rupture of cerebral blood vessels leading
to hemorrhage
c) Impaired cerebral perfusion due to systemic
hypotension
d) Compression of cerebral tissue by a tumor
or hematoma
Which of the following pathophysiological d) progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time
mechanisms is responsible for the
development of chronic kidney disease
(CKD)?
a) Glomerular hyperfiltration and hypertrophy
b) Immune-mediated destruction of renal
tubules
c) Obstruction of urinary flow due to kidney
stones
d) Progressive loss of nephrons and renal
function over time
, In a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, b) impaired glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
which of the following pathophysiological
changes is primarily responsible for insulin
resistance?
a) Decreased secretion of insulin by
pancreatic beta cells
b) Impaired glucose uptake by peripheral
tissues
c) Hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of insulin
receptor signaling
d) Dysregulation of hepatic glucose
production
Which of the following pathophysiological c) chronic inflammation and infection with H. pylori
mechanisms is associated with the
development of peptic ulcer disease?
a) Excessive production of gastric acid by
parietal cells
b) Impaired mucosal blood flow leading to
ischemia
c) Chronic inflammation and infection with
Helicobacter pylori
d) Dysfunction of the lower esophageal
sphincter allowing reflux of gastric contents
What is the primary pathophysiological a) accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in
mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease? the brain
a) Accumulation of amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
b) Degeneration of motor neurons in the
spinal cord
c) Impaired transmission of acetylcholine at
the neuromuscular junction
d) Blockage of cerebral blood vessels by
thrombi or emboli
What is the primary cause of cystic fibrosis? c) mutations in the CFTR gene leading to defective chloride ion
a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta transport
cells
b) Excessive production of mucus by bronchial
glands
c) Mutations in the CFTR gene leading to
defective chloride ion transport
d) Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke and
environmental pollutants
