Nephrology Pharmacology: Renal
Medications and Hyperkalemia
Management Exam 2026 Questions and
Answers Graded A+
Bicarbonate diuretic - Correct answer-A diuretic that selectively increases sodium
bicarbonate excretion. Example: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Diluting segment - Correct answer-A segment of the nephron that reabsorbs solute
without water; the thick ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule are active
salt-reabsorbing segments that are not permeable by water.
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis - Correct answer-A shift in body electrolyte
and pH balance involving elevated serum chloride, diminished bicarbonate
concentration, and a decrease in pH in the blood. Typical result of bicarbonate
diuresis.
Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis - Correct answer-A shift in body electrolyte
balance and pH involving a decrease in serum potassium and an increase in blood
pH. Typical result of loop and thiazide diuretic actions.
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, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - Correct answer-Loss of urine-concentrating
ability in the kidney caused by lack of responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone
(ADH is normal or high).
Pituitary diabetes Insipidus - Correct answer-Loss of urine-concentrating ability in
the kidney caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH is low or absent).
Potassium-sparing diuretic - Correct answer-A diuretic that reduces the exchange
of potassium for sodium in the collecting tubule; a drug that increases sodium and
reduces potassium excretion. Example: aldosterone antagonists.
Uricosuric diuretic - Correct answer-A diuretic that increases uric acid excretion,
usually by inhibiting uric acid reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Example:
ethacrynic acid.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Correct answer-Example: Acetazolamide. MOA:
Acts in PCT - inhibits carbonic anhydrase. Effects: Bicarbonate diuresis, metabolic
acidosis, K+ wasting. Uses: Glaucoma, altitude sickness, metabolic alkalosis.
Toxicity: Renal stones, hyperammonemia in liver disease.
Loop Diuretics - Correct answer-Example: Furosemide. MOA: Acts in thick
ascending limb - inhibits NKCC2. Effects: Strong NaCl diuresis, Ca2+/Mg2+ loss,
K+ wasting. Uses: Edema, hypercalcemia, pulmonary edema. Toxicity:
Hypokalemia, alkalosis, ototoxicity.
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Medications and Hyperkalemia
Management Exam 2026 Questions and
Answers Graded A+
Bicarbonate diuretic - Correct answer-A diuretic that selectively increases sodium
bicarbonate excretion. Example: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Diluting segment - Correct answer-A segment of the nephron that reabsorbs solute
without water; the thick ascending limb and the distal convoluted tubule are active
salt-reabsorbing segments that are not permeable by water.
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis - Correct answer-A shift in body electrolyte
and pH balance involving elevated serum chloride, diminished bicarbonate
concentration, and a decrease in pH in the blood. Typical result of bicarbonate
diuresis.
Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis - Correct answer-A shift in body electrolyte
balance and pH involving a decrease in serum potassium and an increase in blood
pH. Typical result of loop and thiazide diuretic actions.
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - Correct answer-Loss of urine-concentrating
ability in the kidney caused by lack of responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone
(ADH is normal or high).
Pituitary diabetes Insipidus - Correct answer-Loss of urine-concentrating ability in
the kidney caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH is low or absent).
Potassium-sparing diuretic - Correct answer-A diuretic that reduces the exchange
of potassium for sodium in the collecting tubule; a drug that increases sodium and
reduces potassium excretion. Example: aldosterone antagonists.
Uricosuric diuretic - Correct answer-A diuretic that increases uric acid excretion,
usually by inhibiting uric acid reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Example:
ethacrynic acid.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Correct answer-Example: Acetazolamide. MOA:
Acts in PCT - inhibits carbonic anhydrase. Effects: Bicarbonate diuresis, metabolic
acidosis, K+ wasting. Uses: Glaucoma, altitude sickness, metabolic alkalosis.
Toxicity: Renal stones, hyperammonemia in liver disease.
Loop Diuretics - Correct answer-Example: Furosemide. MOA: Acts in thick
ascending limb - inhibits NKCC2. Effects: Strong NaCl diuresis, Ca2+/Mg2+ loss,
K+ wasting. Uses: Edema, hypercalcemia, pulmonary edema. Toxicity:
Hypokalemia, alkalosis, ototoxicity.
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
