Clinical Medicine II Exam 3 —
Nephrology Review Exam 2026 Questions
and Answers Graded A+
Nephron - Correct answer-The functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a
glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule.
Afferent Arteriole - Correct answer-The small artery that carries blood toward the
capillaries of the glomerulus.
Glomerulus - Correct answer-A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's
capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.
Efferent Arteriole - Correct answer-The small artery that carries blood away from
the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Peritubular Capillaries - Correct answer-The network of tiny blood vessels that
surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney, allowing reabsorption and
secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
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,Urinary Casts - Correct answer-Gelatinous structures that take the shape of the
renal tubules. *If you see these in urinalysis, then this indicates an intrinsic
problem within the kidney tubules (NOT a problem OUTSIDE the kidneys!).*
Urinary Casts - Correct answer-*Urinary Casts*
• Broad/Waxy Cast = CKD; chronic kidney failure
• WBC Cast = Interstitial nephritis or pyelonephritis
• RBC Cast = Glomerulonephritis
• Fatty Cast = Nephrotic Syndrome
• Renal Tubular Epithelial Cast = Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
• Granular Cast = Chronic kidney failure; muddle brown means ATN
• Hyaline Cast = Exercise, diuretics, and increase in urine concentration
Broad/Waxy Cast - Correct answer-Chronic kidney disease or chronic kidney
failure will result in which kind of cast:
WBC Cast - Correct answer-Interstitial nephritis or pyelonephritis will result in
which kind of cast:
RBC Cast - Correct answer-Glomerulonephritis will result in which kind of cast:
Fatty Cast - Correct answer-Nephrotic syndrome will result in which kind of cast:
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,Renal Tubular Epithelial (Muddy Brown) Cast - Correct answer-Acute tubular
necrosis will result in which kind of cast:
Granular Cast - Correct answer-Chronic kidney failure and acute tubular necrosis
will result in which kind of cast:
Hyaline Cast - Correct answer-Exercise, diuretics, and an increase in urine
concentration will result in which kind of cast: This cast is composed of Tamm-
Horsfall mucoprotein.
Nephrotic Syndrome - Correct answer-A disease process characterized by massive
proteinuria (greater than 3.5 grams/day), hypoalbuminemia (caused by loss of
protein), hyperlipidemia (loss of protein causes hepatic protein synthesis -
cholesterol is produced in the liver), and edema (d/t loss of oncotic pressure).
Primary causes include: minimal change disease, focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis, and membranous neuropathy. Secondary causes include: DM,
SLE, infections, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis. Clinical presentation: edema in legs,
scrotal area, periorbital region, pleural effusions. Hypercoagulability (b/c liver tries
to make more of everything [including clotting factors] because everything is
getting lost in the urine). Urine is frothy. To diagnose, greater than 3.5 g/day of
protein in urine. On CMP, observe hypoalbuminemia and elevated
BUN/Creatinine. Oval fat bodies on microscopy. Hyperlipidemia. Treatment:
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, prednisone (first-line). If refractory, use immunomodulating agents like
cyclophosphamide. Use thiazide (HCTZ) or loop (furosemide) diuretics. To reduce
proteinuria and protect kidneys, give ACE inhibitors (works to dilate the efferent
arteriole, thus decreasing direct pressure of fluid on the glomerulus).
• Minimal Change Disease
• Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
• Membranous Nephropathy - Correct answer-What are some causes of nephrotic
syndrome?
• Kidney disease characterized by proteinuria (greater than 3.5 g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema.
• Edema in legs, scrotal area, periorbital region, pleural effusions.
Hypercoagulability (b/c liver tries to make more of everything [including clotting
factors] because everything is getting lost in the urine). Urine is frothy.
• To diagnose, greater than 3.5 g/day of protein in urine. On CMP, observe
hypoalbuminemia and elevated BUN/Creatinine. Oval fat bodies on microscopy.
Hyperlipidemia.
• Prednisone (first-line). If refractory, use immunomodulating agents like
cyclophosphamide. Use thiazide (HCTZ) or loop (furosemide) diuretics. To reduce
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Nephrology Review Exam 2026 Questions
and Answers Graded A+
Nephron - Correct answer-The functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a
glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule.
Afferent Arteriole - Correct answer-The small artery that carries blood toward the
capillaries of the glomerulus.
Glomerulus - Correct answer-A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's
capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.
Efferent Arteriole - Correct answer-The small artery that carries blood away from
the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Peritubular Capillaries - Correct answer-The network of tiny blood vessels that
surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney, allowing reabsorption and
secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Urinary Casts - Correct answer-Gelatinous structures that take the shape of the
renal tubules. *If you see these in urinalysis, then this indicates an intrinsic
problem within the kidney tubules (NOT a problem OUTSIDE the kidneys!).*
Urinary Casts - Correct answer-*Urinary Casts*
• Broad/Waxy Cast = CKD; chronic kidney failure
• WBC Cast = Interstitial nephritis or pyelonephritis
• RBC Cast = Glomerulonephritis
• Fatty Cast = Nephrotic Syndrome
• Renal Tubular Epithelial Cast = Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
• Granular Cast = Chronic kidney failure; muddle brown means ATN
• Hyaline Cast = Exercise, diuretics, and increase in urine concentration
Broad/Waxy Cast - Correct answer-Chronic kidney disease or chronic kidney
failure will result in which kind of cast:
WBC Cast - Correct answer-Interstitial nephritis or pyelonephritis will result in
which kind of cast:
RBC Cast - Correct answer-Glomerulonephritis will result in which kind of cast:
Fatty Cast - Correct answer-Nephrotic syndrome will result in which kind of cast:
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Renal Tubular Epithelial (Muddy Brown) Cast - Correct answer-Acute tubular
necrosis will result in which kind of cast:
Granular Cast - Correct answer-Chronic kidney failure and acute tubular necrosis
will result in which kind of cast:
Hyaline Cast - Correct answer-Exercise, diuretics, and an increase in urine
concentration will result in which kind of cast: This cast is composed of Tamm-
Horsfall mucoprotein.
Nephrotic Syndrome - Correct answer-A disease process characterized by massive
proteinuria (greater than 3.5 grams/day), hypoalbuminemia (caused by loss of
protein), hyperlipidemia (loss of protein causes hepatic protein synthesis -
cholesterol is produced in the liver), and edema (d/t loss of oncotic pressure).
Primary causes include: minimal change disease, focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis, and membranous neuropathy. Secondary causes include: DM,
SLE, infections, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis. Clinical presentation: edema in legs,
scrotal area, periorbital region, pleural effusions. Hypercoagulability (b/c liver tries
to make more of everything [including clotting factors] because everything is
getting lost in the urine). Urine is frothy. To diagnose, greater than 3.5 g/day of
protein in urine. On CMP, observe hypoalbuminemia and elevated
BUN/Creatinine. Oval fat bodies on microscopy. Hyperlipidemia. Treatment:
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, prednisone (first-line). If refractory, use immunomodulating agents like
cyclophosphamide. Use thiazide (HCTZ) or loop (furosemide) diuretics. To reduce
proteinuria and protect kidneys, give ACE inhibitors (works to dilate the efferent
arteriole, thus decreasing direct pressure of fluid on the glomerulus).
• Minimal Change Disease
• Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
• Membranous Nephropathy - Correct answer-What are some causes of nephrotic
syndrome?
• Kidney disease characterized by proteinuria (greater than 3.5 g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema.
• Edema in legs, scrotal area, periorbital region, pleural effusions.
Hypercoagulability (b/c liver tries to make more of everything [including clotting
factors] because everything is getting lost in the urine). Urine is frothy.
• To diagnose, greater than 3.5 g/day of protein in urine. On CMP, observe
hypoalbuminemia and elevated BUN/Creatinine. Oval fat bodies on microscopy.
Hyperlipidemia.
• Prednisone (first-line). If refractory, use immunomodulating agents like
cyclophosphamide. Use thiazide (HCTZ) or loop (furosemide) diuretics. To reduce
©COPYRIGHT 2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
