BIO100 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 4 UPDATED EXAM SCRIPT 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+

BIO100 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 4
UPDATED EXAM SCRIPT 2026 TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ cladistics.
Answer: grouping organisms based on shared derived traits


◉ cladogram.
Answer: diagram showing evolutionary relationships


◉ branches:.
Answer: groups of organisms


◉ nodes:.
Answer: common ancestors


◉ tips:.
Answer: species


◉ each branch point = speciation event (does not show exact time).
Answer: ...

, ◉ derived traits.
Answer: traits that evolved in a group (not in ancestor)


◉ outgrip.
Answer: least related organism


◉ parsimony.
Answer: simplest evolutionary pathway


◉ monophyletic (clade).
Answer: ancestor + ALL descendants


◉ paraphyletic.
Answer: missing some descendants


◉ polyphyletic.
Answer: incorrect grouping (not based on ancestry)


◉ MODULE 11 biodiversity.
Answer: ...


◉ Biodiversity.
Answer: variety of life on earth