GENETICS FINAL EXAM 2026
COMPREHENSIVE NOTES AND EXAM
PREPARATION WORKBOOK A+
◉ Describe Sickle Cell Anemia. Answer: People who inherit a mutant
copy of the β-globulin protein from both parents have sickle-cell
anemia. The mutant β-globulin causes the hemoglobin within red
blood cells to distort when the oxygen in the blood is low, and in fact,
deforms the cell shape so much that the distorted cells break very
easily. In turn, the loss of the broken cells lowers the total number of
red blood cells, resulting in anemia
In addition, the odd shape of the red blood cells actually causes
blockages in small blood vessels, which causes pain and damage to
the brain, heart, muscles, and kidneys. The condition is especially
exacerbated under atmospheric conditions where oxygen is lower,
so people with sickle-cell anemia can become extremely sick at high
altitudes.
◉ Why did Mendel use a pea plant for his studies?. Answer: - Easy to
grow and breed
- Self-fertilizing
- Easy to cross-breed
, ◉ A __________ cross occurs when two pure individual parental strains
are mated that contrast ONLY in the trait that is being observed.
Answer: monohybrid
◉ In genetics, _______ refers to the original parental generation.
Answer: P1
◉ The first set of offspring from the parents are called the ___
generation, which stands for ______________.. Answer: F1 , first filial
generation
◉ The term _____________ is used to describe the physical
manifestation of any trait. Answer: phenotype
◉ In the second generation of a heterozygous monohybrid cross,
what percentage of the offspring have the dominant phenotype?
recessive?. Answer: 75%, 25%
the ratio is 3:1
◉ Define gene. Answer: a gene is defined as a unit of heredity that is
transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some
characteristic of the offspring
◉ _________ are simply variations of a given gene. Answer: Alleles
COMPREHENSIVE NOTES AND EXAM
PREPARATION WORKBOOK A+
◉ Describe Sickle Cell Anemia. Answer: People who inherit a mutant
copy of the β-globulin protein from both parents have sickle-cell
anemia. The mutant β-globulin causes the hemoglobin within red
blood cells to distort when the oxygen in the blood is low, and in fact,
deforms the cell shape so much that the distorted cells break very
easily. In turn, the loss of the broken cells lowers the total number of
red blood cells, resulting in anemia
In addition, the odd shape of the red blood cells actually causes
blockages in small blood vessels, which causes pain and damage to
the brain, heart, muscles, and kidneys. The condition is especially
exacerbated under atmospheric conditions where oxygen is lower,
so people with sickle-cell anemia can become extremely sick at high
altitudes.
◉ Why did Mendel use a pea plant for his studies?. Answer: - Easy to
grow and breed
- Self-fertilizing
- Easy to cross-breed
, ◉ A __________ cross occurs when two pure individual parental strains
are mated that contrast ONLY in the trait that is being observed.
Answer: monohybrid
◉ In genetics, _______ refers to the original parental generation.
Answer: P1
◉ The first set of offspring from the parents are called the ___
generation, which stands for ______________.. Answer: F1 , first filial
generation
◉ The term _____________ is used to describe the physical
manifestation of any trait. Answer: phenotype
◉ In the second generation of a heterozygous monohybrid cross,
what percentage of the offspring have the dominant phenotype?
recessive?. Answer: 75%, 25%
the ratio is 3:1
◉ Define gene. Answer: a gene is defined as a unit of heredity that is
transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some
characteristic of the offspring
◉ _________ are simply variations of a given gene. Answer: Alleles
