BIO 202 MIDTERM EXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026-2027
Functions of Blood: - CORRECT ANSWER -Transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products.
Regulation of pH, body temperature, and water content.
Defense against pathogens and excessive bleeding.
Components of Whole Blood: - CORRECT ANSWER -Plasma (liquid portion) and formed elements (cells).
Blood Group Classification - Where is the antigen for ABO classification found? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Found on the surface of red blood cellsR(RBCs).
Blood Group Classification - Where is the antibody for ABO classification found? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Found in the plasma of the blood.
Blood Group Classification - Where is the antigen for Rh classification found? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Rh antigen is found on the surface of RBCs
Which blood type is the universal donor and why? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Blood type O negative is the universal donor because it lacks both A and B antigens, so it can be transfu
sed into recipients with any blood type without causing a transfusion reaction
Which blood type is the universal recipient and why? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Blood type AB positive is the universal recipient because it lacks antibodies against A, B, and Rh antigens
, so it can receive blood from any blood type without causing a transfusion reaction
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis? - CORRECT ANSWER -
It occurs when a mother's antibodies attack the red blood cells of her unborn baby, usually due to Rh in
compatibility between mother and fetus.
How can this disease (HDN) be easily treated? - CORRECT ANSWER -
HDN can be treated with Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) injections to prevent the mother from forming
antibodies against the baby's blood.
,Define Agglutination - CORRECT ANSWER -
Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells caused by the reaction between antibodies and antigens
, often leading to the obstruction of blood vessels and potentially fatal consequences.
Name the 3 types of blood vessels and their function(s) - CORRECT ANSWER -
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
Veins: Carry blood towards the heart.
Capillaries: Facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
What do the blue and red colors represent? - CORRECT ANSWER -Blue: Represents deoxygenated blood.
Red: Represents oxygenated blood.
Know the unidirectional blood flow in the blood vessels - CORRECT ANSWER -
ArteriesR→ Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins
Compare and contrast arteries and veins in terms of:
a. Direction of blood flow
b. Pressure
c. The 3 Tunics that make up their walls
d. Valves - CORRECT ANSWER -
Direction of blood flow:Arteries: Away from the heart.Veins: Towards the heart.
Pressure:Arteries: High pressure.Veins: Low pressure.
The 3 Tunics (layers):Arteries: Thick tunica media (muscle layer), thin tunica externa (outer layer), tunica
intima (inner layer).Veins: Thin tunica media, thicker tunica externa, tunica intima.
Valves:Arteries: No valves.Veins: Have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Which blood vessels are microscopic? - CORRECT ANSWER -Capillaries
What is the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
, Vasodilation: Widening of blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure.
What is the importance of arterioles? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Arterioles control blood flow into capillary beds and regulate blood pressure.
Define perfusion and why is it an important process in capillaries? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Perfusion: The process of delivering blood to the tissues.
Importance: Ensures that tissues receive enough oxygen and nutrients and that waste products are rem
oved.
Define Blood pressure and name the instrument used for measuring - CORRECT ANSWER -
Blood pressure: The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
Instrument: Sphygmomanometer.
Which is the most commonly used blood vessel for blood pressure measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Brachial artery (located in the arm).
What is the top number for blood pressure called? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Systolic pressure (pressure when the heart beats).
What is the bottom number for blood pressure called? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart is resting between beats).
What is the normal blood pressure measurement? (don't forget the units) - CORRECT ANSWER -
120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury).
Define pulse - CORRECT ANSWER -
The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt in various poi
nts of the body.
Know the common areas in the body where pulse is palpated. - CORRECT ANSWER -Radial artery (wrist)
Carotid artery (neck)
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026-2027
Functions of Blood: - CORRECT ANSWER -Transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products.
Regulation of pH, body temperature, and water content.
Defense against pathogens and excessive bleeding.
Components of Whole Blood: - CORRECT ANSWER -Plasma (liquid portion) and formed elements (cells).
Blood Group Classification - Where is the antigen for ABO classification found? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Found on the surface of red blood cellsR(RBCs).
Blood Group Classification - Where is the antibody for ABO classification found? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Found in the plasma of the blood.
Blood Group Classification - Where is the antigen for Rh classification found? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Rh antigen is found on the surface of RBCs
Which blood type is the universal donor and why? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Blood type O negative is the universal donor because it lacks both A and B antigens, so it can be transfu
sed into recipients with any blood type without causing a transfusion reaction
Which blood type is the universal recipient and why? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Blood type AB positive is the universal recipient because it lacks antibodies against A, B, and Rh antigens
, so it can receive blood from any blood type without causing a transfusion reaction
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis? - CORRECT ANSWER -
It occurs when a mother's antibodies attack the red blood cells of her unborn baby, usually due to Rh in
compatibility between mother and fetus.
How can this disease (HDN) be easily treated? - CORRECT ANSWER -
HDN can be treated with Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) injections to prevent the mother from forming
antibodies against the baby's blood.
,Define Agglutination - CORRECT ANSWER -
Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells caused by the reaction between antibodies and antigens
, often leading to the obstruction of blood vessels and potentially fatal consequences.
Name the 3 types of blood vessels and their function(s) - CORRECT ANSWER -
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
Veins: Carry blood towards the heart.
Capillaries: Facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
What do the blue and red colors represent? - CORRECT ANSWER -Blue: Represents deoxygenated blood.
Red: Represents oxygenated blood.
Know the unidirectional blood flow in the blood vessels - CORRECT ANSWER -
ArteriesR→ Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins
Compare and contrast arteries and veins in terms of:
a. Direction of blood flow
b. Pressure
c. The 3 Tunics that make up their walls
d. Valves - CORRECT ANSWER -
Direction of blood flow:Arteries: Away from the heart.Veins: Towards the heart.
Pressure:Arteries: High pressure.Veins: Low pressure.
The 3 Tunics (layers):Arteries: Thick tunica media (muscle layer), thin tunica externa (outer layer), tunica
intima (inner layer).Veins: Thin tunica media, thicker tunica externa, tunica intima.
Valves:Arteries: No valves.Veins: Have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Which blood vessels are microscopic? - CORRECT ANSWER -Capillaries
What is the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
, Vasodilation: Widening of blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure.
What is the importance of arterioles? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Arterioles control blood flow into capillary beds and regulate blood pressure.
Define perfusion and why is it an important process in capillaries? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Perfusion: The process of delivering blood to the tissues.
Importance: Ensures that tissues receive enough oxygen and nutrients and that waste products are rem
oved.
Define Blood pressure and name the instrument used for measuring - CORRECT ANSWER -
Blood pressure: The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
Instrument: Sphygmomanometer.
Which is the most commonly used blood vessel for blood pressure measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Brachial artery (located in the arm).
What is the top number for blood pressure called? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Systolic pressure (pressure when the heart beats).
What is the bottom number for blood pressure called? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart is resting between beats).
What is the normal blood pressure measurement? (don't forget the units) - CORRECT ANSWER -
120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury).
Define pulse - CORRECT ANSWER -
The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt in various poi
nts of the body.
Know the common areas in the body where pulse is palpated. - CORRECT ANSWER -Radial artery (wrist)
Carotid artery (neck)
