GALEN NUR 210 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
• What do loop diuretics do?.
Answer: Act on Loop of Henle inhibiting sodium transport and reabsorption
• Pharmacokinetics.
Answer: The process in which medications move through the body
• What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?.
Answer: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
• Absorption.
Answer: happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the
bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
• What is the expected outcome of a loop diuretic?.
Answer: Sodium and water are lost which decreases fluid volume , cardiac
output and blood pressure
• What are the adverse effects of Spironolactone?.
Answer: hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia,
hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hyperuricemia, orthostatic hypotension,
bradycardia
• What labs do you monitor for patients on Spironolactone?.
Answer: Potassium, BUN, AST, Alkaline Phosphatase, Sodium, Chloride
• Oral absorption Usually takes 2-4 hours •Enteric coated aspirin - hard on
stomach can not crush pill •Extended release absorbed in the small intestine.
Answer: Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through the GI
system
• Normal potassium level.
Answer: 3.5‐5mEq/L
,• Normal BUN levels.
Answer: 10-20 mg/dL
• IM absorption.
Answer: Absorbed 1-2 hours
• IV absorption.
Answer: Absorbed 30-60 minutes
• Normal AST.
Answer: 0‐35 IU/L
• normal alkaline phosphatase.
Answer: 30-120 units/L
• dissolution Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can
interfere with the absorption of drugs..
Answer: Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down into
particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption
from the GI tract into the bloodstream occurs.
• Normal sodium levels.
Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
• normal chloride levels.
Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
• Drugs that resist dissolution Enteric coated medications are designed to
resist disintegration until the pill reaches the small intestine. EC and
sustained release meds should not be crushed..
Answer: Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants, transdermal) do
not pass through the GI tract.
• What do thiazide diuretics treat?.
Answer: hypertension
• What labs do you monitor in patient on thiazide diuretics?.
Answer: potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, glucose, uric acid
, • Factors that affect absorption •Food consumption - will change medicine
potency (delayed) •Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle •pH -
Medicine is made for acidic environments •Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action.
Answer: •Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine absorption
• What type of medication is mannitol?.
Answer: osmotic diuretic
• What does mannitol treat?.
Answer: cerebral edema, IOP
• What location in the hospital typically administers mannitol?.
Answer: ICU
• As a result of side of effects of amlodipine what assessment findings would
be present?.
Answer: Visual impairment, diaphoresis, flushing, rash, dizziness,
drowsiness and abdominal pain
• Excipients Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such
as with PCN, which is not well absorbed from the GI tract. Adding Na to
PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase the absorption of
PCN.
Answer: Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is not
100% drug.
• As a result of adverse effects of amlodipine what assessment findings would
be present?.
Answer: orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, hyperglycemia, tachycardia,
pulmonary edema and dyspnea
• What patient teaching is needed for amlodipine?.
Answer: Watch for the following and contact your healthcare provider: heart
rate less than 50 BPM, dysrhythmias, dyspnea and swelling
• What vital sign does a patient need to be taught when on amlodipine?.
GUIDE 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
• What do loop diuretics do?.
Answer: Act on Loop of Henle inhibiting sodium transport and reabsorption
• Pharmacokinetics.
Answer: The process in which medications move through the body
• What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?.
Answer: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
• Absorption.
Answer: happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the
bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
• What is the expected outcome of a loop diuretic?.
Answer: Sodium and water are lost which decreases fluid volume , cardiac
output and blood pressure
• What are the adverse effects of Spironolactone?.
Answer: hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia,
hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hyperuricemia, orthostatic hypotension,
bradycardia
• What labs do you monitor for patients on Spironolactone?.
Answer: Potassium, BUN, AST, Alkaline Phosphatase, Sodium, Chloride
• Oral absorption Usually takes 2-4 hours •Enteric coated aspirin - hard on
stomach can not crush pill •Extended release absorbed in the small intestine.
Answer: Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through the GI
system
• Normal potassium level.
Answer: 3.5‐5mEq/L
,• Normal BUN levels.
Answer: 10-20 mg/dL
• IM absorption.
Answer: Absorbed 1-2 hours
• IV absorption.
Answer: Absorbed 30-60 minutes
• Normal AST.
Answer: 0‐35 IU/L
• normal alkaline phosphatase.
Answer: 30-120 units/L
• dissolution Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can
interfere with the absorption of drugs..
Answer: Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down into
particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption
from the GI tract into the bloodstream occurs.
• Normal sodium levels.
Answer: 135-145 mEq/L
• normal chloride levels.
Answer: 98-106 mEq/L
• Drugs that resist dissolution Enteric coated medications are designed to
resist disintegration until the pill reaches the small intestine. EC and
sustained release meds should not be crushed..
Answer: Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants, transdermal) do
not pass through the GI tract.
• What do thiazide diuretics treat?.
Answer: hypertension
• What labs do you monitor in patient on thiazide diuretics?.
Answer: potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, glucose, uric acid
, • Factors that affect absorption •Food consumption - will change medicine
potency (delayed) •Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle •pH -
Medicine is made for acidic environments •Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action.
Answer: •Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine absorption
• What type of medication is mannitol?.
Answer: osmotic diuretic
• What does mannitol treat?.
Answer: cerebral edema, IOP
• What location in the hospital typically administers mannitol?.
Answer: ICU
• As a result of side of effects of amlodipine what assessment findings would
be present?.
Answer: Visual impairment, diaphoresis, flushing, rash, dizziness,
drowsiness and abdominal pain
• Excipients Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such
as with PCN, which is not well absorbed from the GI tract. Adding Na to
PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase the absorption of
PCN.
Answer: Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is not
100% drug.
• As a result of adverse effects of amlodipine what assessment findings would
be present?.
Answer: orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, hyperglycemia, tachycardia,
pulmonary edema and dyspnea
• What patient teaching is needed for amlodipine?.
Answer: Watch for the following and contact your healthcare provider: heart
rate less than 50 BPM, dysrhythmias, dyspnea and swelling
• What vital sign does a patient need to be taught when on amlodipine?.
