Chamberlain NR283 Pathophysiology
Final Exam Questions And Correct
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Rationales 2025/2026 Q&A | Instant
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1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the
size of existing cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, resulting in
enlargement of the affected organ or tissue.
2. Which process describes programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Atrophy
C. Apoptosis
D. Autolysis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated process that eliminates
damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.
3. The most common cause of cellular injury is:
A. Genetics
B. Radiation
,C. Hypoxia
D. Infection
Rationale: Hypoxia, a deficiency of oxygen reaching tissues, is a
leading cause of cell injury.
4. Which electrolyte is the primary intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Magnesium
D. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the major positively charged ion found
inside cells.
5. Edema occurs when:
A. Plasma proteins increase
B. Capillary permeability decreases
C. Fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces
D. Osmotic pressure increases
Rationale: Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial tissues.
6. Which inflammatory mediator causes vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Insulin
C. Histamine
D. Albumin
,Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells promotes
vasodilation and permeability during inflammation.
7. Fever is primarily regulated by the:
A. Pituitary gland
B. Thyroid gland
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Hypothalamus
Rationale: The hypothalamus controls body temperature and
mediates fever responses.
8. Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgE
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells and triggers allergic responses.
9. The primary function of neutrophils is:
A. Antibody production
B. Histamine release
C. Phagocytosis of bacteria
D. Clot formation
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in bacterial
infections and perform phagocytosis.
10. Which white blood cell is elevated during parasitic infections?
, A. Basophils
B. Monocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Lymphocytes
Rationale: Eosinophils increase during parasitic infections and
allergic conditions.
11. A malignant tumor differs from a benign tumor because it:
A. Grows slowly
B. Is encapsulated
C. Invades surrounding tissues
D. Resembles normal tissue
Rationale: Malignant tumors invade local tissues and may
metastasize.
12. Metastasis refers to:
A. Tumor shrinkage
B. Cell differentiation
C. Spread of cancer to distant sites
D. Tissue repair
Rationale: Metastasis is the dissemination of cancer cells from the
primary tumor.
13. Which gene normally suppresses tumor formation?
A. Oncogene
B. Protozoan gene
C. Viral gene
D. Tumor suppressor gene
Final Exam Questions And Correct
Answers (Verified Answers) Plus
Rationales 2025/2026 Q&A | Instant
Download Pdf
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the
size of existing cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, resulting in
enlargement of the affected organ or tissue.
2. Which process describes programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Atrophy
C. Apoptosis
D. Autolysis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated process that eliminates
damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.
3. The most common cause of cellular injury is:
A. Genetics
B. Radiation
,C. Hypoxia
D. Infection
Rationale: Hypoxia, a deficiency of oxygen reaching tissues, is a
leading cause of cell injury.
4. Which electrolyte is the primary intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Magnesium
D. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the major positively charged ion found
inside cells.
5. Edema occurs when:
A. Plasma proteins increase
B. Capillary permeability decreases
C. Fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces
D. Osmotic pressure increases
Rationale: Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
interstitial tissues.
6. Which inflammatory mediator causes vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability?
A. Erythropoietin
B. Insulin
C. Histamine
D. Albumin
,Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells promotes
vasodilation and permeability during inflammation.
7. Fever is primarily regulated by the:
A. Pituitary gland
B. Thyroid gland
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Hypothalamus
Rationale: The hypothalamus controls body temperature and
mediates fever responses.
8. Which immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgE
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells and triggers allergic responses.
9. The primary function of neutrophils is:
A. Antibody production
B. Histamine release
C. Phagocytosis of bacteria
D. Clot formation
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders in bacterial
infections and perform phagocytosis.
10. Which white blood cell is elevated during parasitic infections?
, A. Basophils
B. Monocytes
C. Eosinophils
D. Lymphocytes
Rationale: Eosinophils increase during parasitic infections and
allergic conditions.
11. A malignant tumor differs from a benign tumor because it:
A. Grows slowly
B. Is encapsulated
C. Invades surrounding tissues
D. Resembles normal tissue
Rationale: Malignant tumors invade local tissues and may
metastasize.
12. Metastasis refers to:
A. Tumor shrinkage
B. Cell differentiation
C. Spread of cancer to distant sites
D. Tissue repair
Rationale: Metastasis is the dissemination of cancer cells from the
primary tumor.
13. Which gene normally suppresses tumor formation?
A. Oncogene
B. Protozoan gene
C. Viral gene
D. Tumor suppressor gene
