CFS Exam 3 ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Cross-sectional time orientation All measurements are made at one point in time. The scientist has only one point
of contact with the subject, or with the source of data. There is no tracking over
time.
Cross-sectional approach? retrospective (looks back in time)
What is the advantage of a cross-sectional time - to see the whole range at once allows us to compare one part of the population
orientation? to the other parts.
- can identify differences between groups
What are the limitations of a cross-sectional time - it cannot offer much information about the processes of change within an
orientation? individual subject.
- conclusions based on retrospective reporting in cross-sectional studies are
deeply problematic
Longitudinal Time Orientation follow the same subjects through time, at more than one point in time.
Longitudinal approach? prospective (looks forward in time)
Does a longitudinal study need to last for a certain length There is no limit on the amount of time that must be involved.
of time?
Longitudinal Cohort Studies a multiyear longitudinal study of a group of people selected because they are the
same age, or because they share a trait of interest.
Terman Study of the Gifted oldest and longest-running longitudinal study, cohort of children with high IQ
followed until their deaths
Intergenerational Studies of the Institute of Human cohort studies of child development at UC Berkeley; including the spouses and
Development children of the original children
Harvard Study of Adult Development cohort study of male Harvard students and poor boys in Boston; includes
spouses and children of the original subjects; produced first theory of adult
development
Minnesota Longitudinal Study cohort study of poor pregnant and parenting teenagers; study of long-term
outcomes of early attachment
Kauai Longitudinal Study followed all babies born on the island of Kauai in Hawaii in the year 1955
, What are the four important longitudinal cohort studies Terman Study of the Gifted, Harvard Study of Adult Development, Minnesota
of human development reviewed in the text? Longitudinal Study, Kauai Longitudinal Study
Why do cohort studies have such a big impact on HDFS? rich data allows for complex analysis of developmental change, yielding insights
that are vital to the study of human development.
repeated measures design multiple measurements of the same variable in the same subject
crossover repeated measures design subjects receive a sequence of interventions; the outcome is measured after each
period of intervention in sequence.
time series measures the same thing on the same subjects repeatedly and regularly, typically
many times rather than simply a pre-test and a post-test.
Why are all experimental studies longitudinal? they include more than one point of contact with each subject.
What have we learned from longitudinal studies of early the early intervention produced lifelong benefits in all areas of life.
childhood education programs?
What type of longitudinal design was used in the famous randomized controlled trial. found that sugar does not make kids hyper
study of the relationship between sugar and hyperactivity
in children? What was the finding of that study?
What kind of change is a time series longitudinal study how that variable changes through time, even if that change is gradual or
able to detect? incremental.
What is the main strength of longitudinal data? offers the enormous advantage of being able to examine change over time within
individual subjects so that the process of change can be understood.
What are the three limitations of longitudinal data? attrition, instrument decay, and the practice effect
attrition the loss of study subjects during the course of a longitudinal study
Instrument Decay deterioration of the measurement tool (the instrument) over time
practice effect tendency to improve performance on a task with repeated attempts, due to
growing familiarity and comfort with the task.
Why does cross-sectional data mistakenly suggest that Cross-sectional research is easier, and can be done much more quickly. cannot
marital satisfaction has a U-shaped curve over time? tell us about the process of change for any of the couples studied - instead, it just
compares groups of people married for different lengths of time.
What does longitudinal data suggest about the true a very gradual and slight decline in marital satisfaction over time.
average path of marital satisfaction across the course of
marriage?
Cross-sectional time orientation All measurements are made at one point in time. The scientist has only one point
of contact with the subject, or with the source of data. There is no tracking over
time.
Cross-sectional approach? retrospective (looks back in time)
What is the advantage of a cross-sectional time - to see the whole range at once allows us to compare one part of the population
orientation? to the other parts.
- can identify differences between groups
What are the limitations of a cross-sectional time - it cannot offer much information about the processes of change within an
orientation? individual subject.
- conclusions based on retrospective reporting in cross-sectional studies are
deeply problematic
Longitudinal Time Orientation follow the same subjects through time, at more than one point in time.
Longitudinal approach? prospective (looks forward in time)
Does a longitudinal study need to last for a certain length There is no limit on the amount of time that must be involved.
of time?
Longitudinal Cohort Studies a multiyear longitudinal study of a group of people selected because they are the
same age, or because they share a trait of interest.
Terman Study of the Gifted oldest and longest-running longitudinal study, cohort of children with high IQ
followed until their deaths
Intergenerational Studies of the Institute of Human cohort studies of child development at UC Berkeley; including the spouses and
Development children of the original children
Harvard Study of Adult Development cohort study of male Harvard students and poor boys in Boston; includes
spouses and children of the original subjects; produced first theory of adult
development
Minnesota Longitudinal Study cohort study of poor pregnant and parenting teenagers; study of long-term
outcomes of early attachment
Kauai Longitudinal Study followed all babies born on the island of Kauai in Hawaii in the year 1955
, What are the four important longitudinal cohort studies Terman Study of the Gifted, Harvard Study of Adult Development, Minnesota
of human development reviewed in the text? Longitudinal Study, Kauai Longitudinal Study
Why do cohort studies have such a big impact on HDFS? rich data allows for complex analysis of developmental change, yielding insights
that are vital to the study of human development.
repeated measures design multiple measurements of the same variable in the same subject
crossover repeated measures design subjects receive a sequence of interventions; the outcome is measured after each
period of intervention in sequence.
time series measures the same thing on the same subjects repeatedly and regularly, typically
many times rather than simply a pre-test and a post-test.
Why are all experimental studies longitudinal? they include more than one point of contact with each subject.
What have we learned from longitudinal studies of early the early intervention produced lifelong benefits in all areas of life.
childhood education programs?
What type of longitudinal design was used in the famous randomized controlled trial. found that sugar does not make kids hyper
study of the relationship between sugar and hyperactivity
in children? What was the finding of that study?
What kind of change is a time series longitudinal study how that variable changes through time, even if that change is gradual or
able to detect? incremental.
What is the main strength of longitudinal data? offers the enormous advantage of being able to examine change over time within
individual subjects so that the process of change can be understood.
What are the three limitations of longitudinal data? attrition, instrument decay, and the practice effect
attrition the loss of study subjects during the course of a longitudinal study
Instrument Decay deterioration of the measurement tool (the instrument) over time
practice effect tendency to improve performance on a task with repeated attempts, due to
growing familiarity and comfort with the task.
Why does cross-sectional data mistakenly suggest that Cross-sectional research is easier, and can be done much more quickly. cannot
marital satisfaction has a U-shaped curve over time? tell us about the process of change for any of the couples studied - instead, it just
compares groups of people married for different lengths of time.
What does longitudinal data suggest about the true a very gradual and slight decline in marital satisfaction over time.
average path of marital satisfaction across the course of
marriage?
