HSCI 434 Questions and Answers

HSCI 434 Questions and Answers Breastfeeding recommendations, Trends & the Medical Advantages of Breastfeeding health benefits associated with breastfeeding: INFANTS -Species specific -Easy to digest (less constipation and diarrhea) -Reduces risk of obesity in baby and adult -Protects against allergies and infections -Mother and infant bonding increased -Increase in oral, brain, and visual development health benefits associated with breastfeeding: MOTHER -Faster recovery from childbirth -Protection against breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers - less bleeding -Convenience -Less expensive -Diapers do not smell How do you know when the link between breastfeeding & health outcomes is strong? -Sample size -Peer reviewed journals/blind -peer review -Meta analysis -Study designs -How was breastfeeding measured? -How far back are the participants asked to recall the breastfeeding dosage? Breastfeeding reduces maternal risk of: -breast cancer -ovarian cancer -cardiovascular disease and hyperlipidemia -hypertension -obesity -type 2 diabetes -postpartum blood loss Human milk reduces an infants risk of: -becoming overweight or obese -developing type 2 diabetes -SIDS -Malocclusions -Dental caries Breastfeeding Rates: -U.S. Initiation: 83.2% -U.S Exclusive breastfeeding @ 6 months: 24.9% -U.S breastfeeding @ 1 year: 35.9% Historical evidence of Breastfeeding & the Decline in Breastfeeding biological evidence: humans are mammals -one characteristic unique to the female mammal is the mammary glands or breasts Ethnographic evidence: the study of cultures -suggests that during ancient times, hunter gathers breastfed their infants (2-6 years) Historical evidence: -religious documents (quran) -medical literature -statues There was no safe alternative to breastmilk: -prior to the 19Th century if a mother could not breastfeed her infant, a wet nurse would breastfeed the baby -wet nurse was popular in the 17th century, not popular in the middle ages Ancient times: other food than breast milk?: hand-held foods -other mammals milk -pap, gruel and panada (food prepared by using bread or cereal using milk or water health risks associated w/ using alternatives to breast milk during ancient times: -no way to refrigerate -no methods for pasteurization -poor sanitary conditions lack of access to clean water -hard to clean hand-held devices shifts in infant feeding practices by 1971 artificial baby milk was the norm with only 24% of US women initiating breastfeeding what led to the decline in breastfeeding rates?: -women became interested in having an impact outside of their home -scientific and technological advances resulting in safer alternatives to breastmilk (improved sanitary conditions, cleaner water, able to pasteurize) -faith in science and technology -change in labor and delivery practices -marketing of artificial and infant milk (Jean Charles Des-Essartz published his treatise of physical upbringing of children: 1st chemical analysis of various mammals milk including human milk the creation of the artificial baby milk industry -1865 first artificial baby milk formula created by Justus Von Liebig (cows milk, wheat, flour, and potassium bicarbonate) -1867 Henri Nestle,invented artificial infant food -27 patented brands of artificial baby milk, 1883 change in labor and delivery practices: -births moved from home and hospital -affected decline in breastfeeding rates because women were separated from their families, birth was conducted under anesthesia, mom and infant were separated during early postpartum period The Rise in Breastfeeding & the Evolution of Lactation as a Specialty what triggered a renewed interest in breastfeeding? -the natural childbirth movement: advocated that women can give birth naturally w/o medication/ advocated breastfeeding a baby as a natural way how is natural childbirth different than a routine childbirth in the 1950s? -mothers and the family members were not educated about the childbirth process -mothers were medicated during birth, resulting in an unconscious mother -no family members during birth -after birth baby was separated by the mother what birth practices were encouraged by proponents of the natural childbirth movement? -mothers and their family members should take childbirth preparation classes to learn about the childbirth process. -mothers could give birth unmedicated -mothers would be surrounded by both healthcare providers and their family members -after birth, mother and baby would stay together and breastfeed. La Leche League International breastfeeding support group (1965) -has branches all over the world -mission: to help mothers breastfeed by providing mother-to-mother support and education -1982: the La Leche League Lactation Consultant department is established -1985: The International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners is establish (IBLCE) 3 journals that are focused exclusively on lactation related research 1. The Journal of Human Lactation 2. Breastfeeding Medicine 3.The International Breastfeeding Journal Health Care Professionals, Paraprofessionals & Volunteers' Role in Supporting Breastfeeding Who are the professionals, paraprofessionals, or volunteers who specialize in supporting breastfeeding? -La leche League Leaders -Breastfeeding Peer Counselors -Lactation Educators/Lactation Counselors/Lactation Specialists What are the qualifications of the professionals, paraprofessionals & volunteers who specialize in supporting breastfeeding? -La Leche League: mothers who successfully breastfeed their child, a member, required to complete an application process (Leaders provide basic education and facilitate monthly breastfeeding support meetings) -Breastfeeding Peer counselors: mother who successfully breastfeed their own children , participated in formal training , & have a background that is similar to the mothers they educate and support ( They provide basic support and education, and referrals when necessary) -Lactation Educators: are not required to have breastfeeding experience -formal training (Provide basic support and education, provide referrals when necessary, teach prenatal breastfeeding classes, provide one-on-one breastfeeding education to new mothers during hospital stay, answer calls on breastfeeding information lines, rent and sell breast pumps The International Board Certified Lactation Consultant: Qualifications -IBCLC is the highest credential in the field of lactation -earns this titles by passing the IBCLC certification exam (must complete 6 units of coursework in lactation, coursework in 14 health sciences subject (only for candidates who are not licensed healthcare professionals), and clinical hours Healthcare providers who interact with pregnant and breastfeeding mothers include: -Obstetricians -Pediatricians -Midwives -Nurse Practitioners -Registered Dieticians -Nurses -Pharmacists -Public Health Educators The Impact of Marketing of Formula on Infant Health & Breastfeeding Rates Why is it inappropriate to market infant formula in underdeveloped countries? -high illiteracy rates -lack access to clean water -lack access to facility to boil water -Poverty -because breastmilk is readily available, and it's free What are some inappropriate marketing strategies used by the infant formula companies? -Use of healthcare professionals to promote artificial baby milk -Advertising of artificial baby milk in healthcare facilities -Advertising that idealizes infant formula and makes inaccurate claims regarding its benefits -free samples -gifts to mothers and healthcare professionals what is the "code" of the International Code of Marketing of Breast milk Substitutes -Guidelines adopted by the WHO which provide standards for appropriate marketing and distribution of human milk substitutes -the code is a set of recommendations that each country must enforce within their own country Rationale for Each of the Code's Key Recommendations -No advertising of breastmilk substitutes directly to the public -No words or picture idealizing artificial feeding, including pictures of infants, on the products -No free samples to mothers -No promotion of products in healthcare facilities -No gifts or personal samples to health workers - All info on artificial feeding, should explain the benefits of breastfeeding as well as the costs and hazards associated with artificial feeding -unsuitable products such as condensed milk, should not be promoted for babies International Breastfeeding Promotion Initiatives International Breastfeeding Promotion Efforts 1981: The international Code of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes 1990: Innocenti Declaration 1991: Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative 2003: Global Strategy for Infant and Young Children Feeding 2010: 1000 Days Challenge