IMMUNITY Obj. 3:
Identify the clinical manifestations and emergency management of a systemic
anaphylactic reaction (1)
Emergency Management
Give this one a try later!
Emergency Management:
-Epinephrine, -diphenhydramine (antihistamine)
-Maintain a patent airway
-Nebulized bronchodilators
-Aerosolized epinephrine
-Endotracheal intubation or cricothyroidotomy may be necessary
-Aggressive fluid replacement
-IV corticosteroids if significant hypotension persists after 1-2 hours of
aggressive therapy, IV antihistamines, antipruritic, decongestant, analgesics
,IMMUNITY Obj. 5:
Explain the ways human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted and the factors
that affect transmission (1)
Give this one a try later!
HIV can be transmitted through sex, pregnancy, breast milk, blood
products, and needle sticks.
- Sexual: genital, anal, or oral sexual exposure to mucous membranes to
infected blood or receiving contaminated products.
- Parenteral: sharing of needles or equipment contaminated with infected
blood or receiving contaminated blood products.
- Perinatal: from the placenta, from contact with maternal blood and bodily
fluids during birth, or from breast milk from an infected mother to child.
IMMUNITY Obj. 10:
Summarize the characteristics of opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS. (1)
Give this one a try later!
, - Protozoal and fungal infections are common among pts with AIDS,
especially PCP. Assess for SOB, tachypnea, persistent dry cough, and
persistent low-grade fever. Pt may report fatigue and weight loss. Assess
breath sounds for crackles.
- Toxoplasmosis encephalitis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii is acquired
through contact with contaminated cat feces or undercooked meat. Assess
the pt. for subtle changes in mental status, neurologic deficits, headaches,
and fever. Other changes may include difficulties with speech, gait, and
vision, seizures, lethargy, and confusion.
- Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by cryptosporidium
organisms. In AIDS this illness ranges from mild diarrhea to severe wasting
with electrolyte imbalance.
- Fungal infection: is most often an overgrowth of normal flora. Candida
albicans is part of the intestinal tract's natural flora. In AIDS, overgrowth of
the candid fungus occurs because the reduced immunity can no longer
control fungal growth. Candida stomatitis or esophagitis occurs often.
Patients may report food tasting "funny" mouth pain, difficulty swallowing,
and pain behind the sternum. You may see cottage cheese like yellowish
white plaques and inflammation. Women with HIV may have persistent
vaginal candidiasis with severe pruritus, perineal irritation, and a thick white
vaginal discharge.
- Cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus neoformans is a debilitating
meningitis and can be a widely spread infection in AIDS. Ask about fever,
headache, blurred vision, N/V, neck stiffness, confusion, and their mental
status changes.
- Histoplasmosis caused by histoplasma capsulatum begins as a resp
infection and progresses to widespread infection in AIDS. Assess for
dyspnea, cough, fever, and weight loss. Check for enlargement of lymph
nodes, spleen, or the liver.
- Bacterial infections are acquired from other people or sources as an
overgrowth of skin flora. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a
common bacterial infection with later stages of HIV and is caused by M.
intracellular or M. avium, which infect the resp and Gi tract with pt. of
advanced HIV. MAC is systemic infection. Assess for fever, physical
weakness, weight loss, malaise, and sometimes swollen lymph glands or
organ disease.
Identify the clinical manifestations and emergency management of a systemic
anaphylactic reaction (1)
Emergency Management
Give this one a try later!
Emergency Management:
-Epinephrine, -diphenhydramine (antihistamine)
-Maintain a patent airway
-Nebulized bronchodilators
-Aerosolized epinephrine
-Endotracheal intubation or cricothyroidotomy may be necessary
-Aggressive fluid replacement
-IV corticosteroids if significant hypotension persists after 1-2 hours of
aggressive therapy, IV antihistamines, antipruritic, decongestant, analgesics
,IMMUNITY Obj. 5:
Explain the ways human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted and the factors
that affect transmission (1)
Give this one a try later!
HIV can be transmitted through sex, pregnancy, breast milk, blood
products, and needle sticks.
- Sexual: genital, anal, or oral sexual exposure to mucous membranes to
infected blood or receiving contaminated products.
- Parenteral: sharing of needles or equipment contaminated with infected
blood or receiving contaminated blood products.
- Perinatal: from the placenta, from contact with maternal blood and bodily
fluids during birth, or from breast milk from an infected mother to child.
IMMUNITY Obj. 10:
Summarize the characteristics of opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS. (1)
Give this one a try later!
, - Protozoal and fungal infections are common among pts with AIDS,
especially PCP. Assess for SOB, tachypnea, persistent dry cough, and
persistent low-grade fever. Pt may report fatigue and weight loss. Assess
breath sounds for crackles.
- Toxoplasmosis encephalitis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii is acquired
through contact with contaminated cat feces or undercooked meat. Assess
the pt. for subtle changes in mental status, neurologic deficits, headaches,
and fever. Other changes may include difficulties with speech, gait, and
vision, seizures, lethargy, and confusion.
- Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by cryptosporidium
organisms. In AIDS this illness ranges from mild diarrhea to severe wasting
with electrolyte imbalance.
- Fungal infection: is most often an overgrowth of normal flora. Candida
albicans is part of the intestinal tract's natural flora. In AIDS, overgrowth of
the candid fungus occurs because the reduced immunity can no longer
control fungal growth. Candida stomatitis or esophagitis occurs often.
Patients may report food tasting "funny" mouth pain, difficulty swallowing,
and pain behind the sternum. You may see cottage cheese like yellowish
white plaques and inflammation. Women with HIV may have persistent
vaginal candidiasis with severe pruritus, perineal irritation, and a thick white
vaginal discharge.
- Cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus neoformans is a debilitating
meningitis and can be a widely spread infection in AIDS. Ask about fever,
headache, blurred vision, N/V, neck stiffness, confusion, and their mental
status changes.
- Histoplasmosis caused by histoplasma capsulatum begins as a resp
infection and progresses to widespread infection in AIDS. Assess for
dyspnea, cough, fever, and weight loss. Check for enlargement of lymph
nodes, spleen, or the liver.
- Bacterial infections are acquired from other people or sources as an
overgrowth of skin flora. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a
common bacterial infection with later stages of HIV and is caused by M.
intracellular or M. avium, which infect the resp and Gi tract with pt. of
advanced HIV. MAC is systemic infection. Assess for fever, physical
weakness, weight loss, malaise, and sometimes swollen lymph glands or
organ disease.
