MARYVILLE NURS 611 PATHO EXAM 2 |COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| A+
Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources -
(answer)Parasympathetic nervous system
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself - (answer)Sympathetic
nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - (answer)blood flow
to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased
how are primary brain injuries classified - (answer)focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
focal brain injuries - (answer)specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise
location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries - (answer)include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis, and
damage to blood vessels
,The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction:
Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia - (answer)characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg
systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with
flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and
bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia - (answer)individual most likely to be
affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia - (answer)bradycardia (30-
40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS
reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the
cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart
rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses
cannot pass through the cord
Alzheimer's disease - (answer)leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of
severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
,what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease - (answer)age, family history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease - (answer)low calorie diets,
estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the
presence of apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD - (answer)PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome
21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given - (answer)postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke - (answer)hypertension
what are common risk factors for stroke - (answer)arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM,
elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis,
polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake
, above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity,
obesity, chronic sleep deprivation
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral infection such
as respiratory or GI illness - (answer)Guillain-Barre syndrome
Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms - (answer)typical first manifestations are
numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an
ascending pattern
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre - (answer)weakness usually plateaus or
improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases
Myasthenia Gravis - (answer)a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach receptor
antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies prevent normal reception for
muscle contraction
Graves disease - (answer)Graves disease is a result of autoantibodies binding to the TSH receptor
sites. This leads to hyperthyroidism
WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| A+
Which body system is responsible for conserving energy and body resources -
(answer)Parasympathetic nervous system
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself - (answer)Sympathetic
nervous system (SNS)
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) - (answer)blood flow
to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased
how are primary brain injuries classified - (answer)focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
focal brain injuries - (answer)specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise
location
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries - (answer)include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis, and
damage to blood vessels
,The brain is confined in a limited space so increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction:
Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia - (answer)characterized by paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg
systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with
flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and
bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia - (answer)individual most likely to be
affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia - (answer)bradycardia (30-
40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS
reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Baroreceptors in the
cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart
rate decreases, but the visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses
cannot pass through the cord
Alzheimer's disease - (answer)leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of
severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
,what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease - (answer)age, family history
what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease - (answer)low calorie diets,
estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity, antioxidants, the
presence of apoE2
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD - (answer)PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP (amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome
21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given - (answer)postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke - (answer)hypertension
what are common risk factors for stroke - (answer)arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM,
elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid stenosis,
polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy, high sodium intake
, above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity,
obesity, chronic sleep deprivation
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral infection such
as respiratory or GI illness - (answer)Guillain-Barre syndrome
Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms - (answer)typical first manifestations are
numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an
ascending pattern
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre - (answer)weakness usually plateaus or
improves by the 4th week in 90% of cases
Myasthenia Gravis - (answer)a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach receptor
antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies prevent normal reception for
muscle contraction
Graves disease - (answer)Graves disease is a result of autoantibodies binding to the TSH receptor
sites. This leads to hyperthyroidism
