NR 325 Exam 1 2026 Expert
Verifed Ace the Text
Endocrine System Function - ANSWER ✔✔Produce hormones and
secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin - ANSWER ✔✔Regulator of metabolism and storage of
ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage
hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones - ANSWER ✔✔Oppose the effects of
insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated
,release of glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose
levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon - ANSWER ✔✔Normally produced by pancreatic alpha
cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes
II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our
pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER ✔✔A chronic, multi-system disease
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or
both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or
prevented with good management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, and Native Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications - ANSWER ✔✔Diabetes is the leading cause
of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb
amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and
stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes - ANSWER ✔✔Diabetes
prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function,
decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism.
Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common in older adults,
,partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging resembling that of
DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology - ANSWER ✔✔Formerly known as
"juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10%
of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a
virus are factors that may contribute to the development of DM I.
Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur
after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are
rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms - ANSWER ✔✔Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, Prediabetes - ANSWER ✔✔Known as impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs - ANSWER ✔✔IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126
mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab - ANSWER ✔✔It is a test that determines how well your
glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in
the last 3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology - ANSWER ✔✔Probably has a genetic
basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease
progresses, less insulin production. There is also an increased risk for
obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an
increased waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood
obesity.
Verifed Ace the Text
Endocrine System Function - ANSWER ✔✔Produce hormones and
secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin - ANSWER ✔✔Regulator of metabolism and storage of
ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage
hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones - ANSWER ✔✔Oppose the effects of
insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated
,release of glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose
levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon - ANSWER ✔✔Normally produced by pancreatic alpha
cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes
II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our
pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER ✔✔A chronic, multi-system disease
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or
both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or
prevented with good management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, and Native Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications - ANSWER ✔✔Diabetes is the leading cause
of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb
amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and
stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes - ANSWER ✔✔Diabetes
prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function,
decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism.
Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common in older adults,
,partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging resembling that of
DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology - ANSWER ✔✔Formerly known as
"juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10%
of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to a
virus are factors that may contribute to the development of DM I.
Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur
after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are
rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms - ANSWER ✔✔Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, Prediabetes - ANSWER ✔✔Known as impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs - ANSWER ✔✔IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126
mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab - ANSWER ✔✔It is a test that determines how well your
glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in
the last 3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology - ANSWER ✔✔Probably has a genetic
basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease
progresses, less insulin production. There is also an increased risk for
obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an
increased waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood
obesity.
