HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL PAPER
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS PACKAGE
●● primary lymphoid organs
Answer: bone marrow and thymus
●● circulating leukocytes
Answer: mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels
●● innate immunity
Answer: mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of
rapid responses to microbes
●● adaptive immunity
Answer: a more complex defense system against infection that requires
some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific
and specialized and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly
diverse antigen receptors
●● lymphocytes
Answer: a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off
infections
,●● PD-L1
Answer: A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and
non-immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein
prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a
negative regulator of T cell function
●● Checkpoint blockade
Answer: the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional due to
inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors,
which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph nodes
and PD-1 in tissue)
●● Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell
Answer: are created by introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that
contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling
components of the T cell receptor; have been used to treat some types of
cancer
●● Cross matching
Answer: method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing
a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
●● HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
,Answer: these proteins are the most important determinants of an
allogenic immune response
●● HLA matching
Answer: used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
●● Natural antibodies
Answer: Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent
absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self and
microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens, and can activate
complement.
●● Immunosuppressive drugs
Answer: Chemical agents that cause the human body not to produce
antibodies that normally fight off foreign material in the body. The
production of these antibodies needs to be suppressed in order to permit
the acceptance of a donor organ by the recipient's body (block T cell
activation or kill lymphocytes)
●● Neoantigen discovery
Answer: involves searching for antigens that uniquely occur in a tumor
(due to mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and are
capable of binding to host MHC; activates T cells to recognize that
peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
, ●● Passive immunotherapy
Answer: Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies
formed by immune individual or animal; expensive and low throughput
●● Polymorphic proteins
Answer: proteins encoded by genes with more than one variant (allele)
for that gene; can be abnormally expressed
●● Transplantation
Answer: The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another
site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another.
●● Transplant rejection
Answer: Recognition by the immune system of a transplanted tissue as
foreign and subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated by T lymphocytes
●● Transfusion
Answer: transferring blood from one person to another
●● Transfusion reaction
Answer: reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not
compatible with its own blood via complement activation and
opsonization
PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS PACKAGE
●● primary lymphoid organs
Answer: bone marrow and thymus
●● circulating leukocytes
Answer: mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels
●● innate immunity
Answer: mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of
rapid responses to microbes
●● adaptive immunity
Answer: a more complex defense system against infection that requires
some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific
and specialized and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly
diverse antigen receptors
●● lymphocytes
Answer: a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off
infections
,●● PD-L1
Answer: A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and
non-immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein
prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a
negative regulator of T cell function
●● Checkpoint blockade
Answer: the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional due to
inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors,
which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph nodes
and PD-1 in tissue)
●● Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell
Answer: are created by introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that
contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling
components of the T cell receptor; have been used to treat some types of
cancer
●● Cross matching
Answer: method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing
a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
●● HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
,Answer: these proteins are the most important determinants of an
allogenic immune response
●● HLA matching
Answer: used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
●● Natural antibodies
Answer: Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent
absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self and
microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens, and can activate
complement.
●● Immunosuppressive drugs
Answer: Chemical agents that cause the human body not to produce
antibodies that normally fight off foreign material in the body. The
production of these antibodies needs to be suppressed in order to permit
the acceptance of a donor organ by the recipient's body (block T cell
activation or kill lymphocytes)
●● Neoantigen discovery
Answer: involves searching for antigens that uniquely occur in a tumor
(due to mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and are
capable of binding to host MHC; activates T cells to recognize that
peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
, ●● Passive immunotherapy
Answer: Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies
formed by immune individual or animal; expensive and low throughput
●● Polymorphic proteins
Answer: proteins encoded by genes with more than one variant (allele)
for that gene; can be abnormally expressed
●● Transplantation
Answer: The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another
site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another.
●● Transplant rejection
Answer: Recognition by the immune system of a transplanted tissue as
foreign and subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated by T lymphocytes
●● Transfusion
Answer: transferring blood from one person to another
●● Transfusion reaction
Answer: reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not
compatible with its own blood via complement activation and
opsonization
