UCI Bio 93 Final Exam Questions with correct Answers
What are the four most common elements in living matter? -✔✔ Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
Carbon --make up 96% of all living matter.
Properties of Acids -✔✔ Donate H+ to a solution, accept electrons, and have a pH of <7
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ DNA Synthesis
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ Growth -- cell contents are duplicated.
What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ More growth and preparation for division.
What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ Mitosis (and cytokinesis -- division of the cell).
What are the subphases of mitosis? -✔✔ Prophase, Pre-metaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
Telophase.
How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? -✔✔ 3 -- G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and the M
checkpoint.
What is a Karyotype? -✔✔ A layout of Metaphase chromosomes matched with their homologous pairs.
What is a diploid cell? -✔✔ A cell with 46 chromosomes -- somatic cells.
What is a haploid cell? -✔✔ A cell with 23 chromosomes -- sex cells.
What does the mesoderm give rise to? -✔✔ the notochord (similar to a spinal chord).
What does the endoderm give rise to? -✔✔ the digestive tract.
,What does the ectoderm give rise to? -✔✔ the nervous system (brain)/neural plate.
If 2n = 18, how many chromosomes come from the mother? -✔✔ 9 -- half from mom and half from dad
Meiosis -✔✔ Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half,
creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.
What two structures does the chiasma connect? -✔✔ Non-sister chromatids.
What are the steps of meiosis? -✔✔ Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I & cytokinesis
(then a second set of phases)
What does meiosis 1 deal with? -✔✔ homologous chromosomes.
What happens in prophase 1? -✔✔ The chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down,
chromosomes cross over, and meiotic spindle forms.
What happens in metaphase 1? -✔✔ the pairs of homologous chromosomes are now tightly condensed
and coiled and become arranged on the metaphase plate.
What happens in anaphase 1? -✔✔ the pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers
(microtubules).
What happens in Telophase 1 and cytokinesis? -✔✔ The homologous chromosome pairs complete their
migration to the two poles as a result of the action of the spindle. Now a haploid set of chromosomes is
at each pole, with each chromosome still having two chromatids. A nuclear envelope reforms around
each chromosome set, the spindle disappears, and cytokinesis follows.
What happens during meiosis 2? -✔✔ sister chromatids separate.
, What happens in prophase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ A new spindle forms around the chromosomes.
What happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ Metaphase 2 chromosomes line up at the equator.
What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ Centromeres divide chromatids move to opposite poles
of the cells.
What happens during telophase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ A nuclear envelope forms around each set of
chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides.
What makes meiosis a unique form of cell division -✔✔ Synapsis and crossing over -- occurs in prophase
1, pairing up of homologous chromosomes, homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange
corresponding genetic information (the DNA exchanged contain the same genes, but may have different
alleles).
How does meiosis increase genetic variability? -✔✔ Independent assortment (meiosis 1 -- homologous
chromosomes separate independently), crossing over (genetic recombination, prophase 1), and random
fertilization (any egg can join with any sperm -- most effective way to obtain genetic variability).
What is the law of segregation? -✔✔ Alleles coding for the same trait separate independently during
gamete formation.
What is non-disjunction? -✔✔ When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate
properly.
What is a character? -✔✔ An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals. Ex: flower
color.
What is a trait? -✔✔ One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character. Ex: purple flower
color/white flower color.
What are the four most common elements in living matter? -✔✔ Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and
Carbon --make up 96% of all living matter.
Properties of Acids -✔✔ Donate H+ to a solution, accept electrons, and have a pH of <7
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ DNA Synthesis
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ Growth -- cell contents are duplicated.
What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ More growth and preparation for division.
What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle? -✔✔ Mitosis (and cytokinesis -- division of the cell).
What are the subphases of mitosis? -✔✔ Prophase, Pre-metaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
Telophase.
How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? -✔✔ 3 -- G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and the M
checkpoint.
What is a Karyotype? -✔✔ A layout of Metaphase chromosomes matched with their homologous pairs.
What is a diploid cell? -✔✔ A cell with 46 chromosomes -- somatic cells.
What is a haploid cell? -✔✔ A cell with 23 chromosomes -- sex cells.
What does the mesoderm give rise to? -✔✔ the notochord (similar to a spinal chord).
What does the endoderm give rise to? -✔✔ the digestive tract.
,What does the ectoderm give rise to? -✔✔ the nervous system (brain)/neural plate.
If 2n = 18, how many chromosomes come from the mother? -✔✔ 9 -- half from mom and half from dad
Meiosis -✔✔ Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half,
creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.
What two structures does the chiasma connect? -✔✔ Non-sister chromatids.
What are the steps of meiosis? -✔✔ Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I & cytokinesis
(then a second set of phases)
What does meiosis 1 deal with? -✔✔ homologous chromosomes.
What happens in prophase 1? -✔✔ The chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down,
chromosomes cross over, and meiotic spindle forms.
What happens in metaphase 1? -✔✔ the pairs of homologous chromosomes are now tightly condensed
and coiled and become arranged on the metaphase plate.
What happens in anaphase 1? -✔✔ the pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers
(microtubules).
What happens in Telophase 1 and cytokinesis? -✔✔ The homologous chromosome pairs complete their
migration to the two poles as a result of the action of the spindle. Now a haploid set of chromosomes is
at each pole, with each chromosome still having two chromatids. A nuclear envelope reforms around
each chromosome set, the spindle disappears, and cytokinesis follows.
What happens during meiosis 2? -✔✔ sister chromatids separate.
, What happens in prophase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ A new spindle forms around the chromosomes.
What happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ Metaphase 2 chromosomes line up at the equator.
What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ Centromeres divide chromatids move to opposite poles
of the cells.
What happens during telophase 2 of meiosis? -✔✔ A nuclear envelope forms around each set of
chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides.
What makes meiosis a unique form of cell division -✔✔ Synapsis and crossing over -- occurs in prophase
1, pairing up of homologous chromosomes, homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange
corresponding genetic information (the DNA exchanged contain the same genes, but may have different
alleles).
How does meiosis increase genetic variability? -✔✔ Independent assortment (meiosis 1 -- homologous
chromosomes separate independently), crossing over (genetic recombination, prophase 1), and random
fertilization (any egg can join with any sperm -- most effective way to obtain genetic variability).
What is the law of segregation? -✔✔ Alleles coding for the same trait separate independently during
gamete formation.
What is non-disjunction? -✔✔ When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate
properly.
What is a character? -✔✔ An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals. Ex: flower
color.
What is a trait? -✔✔ One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character. Ex: purple flower
color/white flower color.
