Module 1:CMN 557 Module 1 Study Guide ( Emergency PMHNP) Study Guide: Updated Solution

Protective factors of suicide Protective factors for suicide include cognitive flexibility, active coping strategies in difficult life situations, healthy lifestyles, active social networks, confidence and the sense of personal value, and the ability to seek advice from others and help from the health care system for subsequent treatment. It comprises also strategies for promoting mental health, social welfare, and education policies. • Epidemiological characteristics of suicide – compare age groups The WHO report “Preventing suicide: a global imperative” published in 2014 estimates that over 800,000 people die by suicide, and more than 20 million attempt suicide each year. This implies that every 40 seconds, a person dies by suicide somewhere on the globe, and every 1.5 seconds, someone will attempt to take his/her own life. However, those numbers are underreported, as not all countries in the world report suicide mortality to the WHO. Only 59 out of 194 Member States have good quality mortality registration data. Furthermore, in countries with good mortality statistics, suicides can be misclassified as accidents, homicides, or unknown causes of death. Annual global suicide rates are 15 for males, 8 for females, and 11.4 per 100,000 population. Globally, suicides account for 52 percent of all violent deaths in men and 71 percent of all violent deaths in women. In high-income countries, 79 percent of violent deaths in both males and females are caused by suicide. Suicide occurs in all regions of the world and throughout the life span, and it accounts for 1.4 percent of all deaths worldwide, by that, ranking as the 15th leading cause of death. Among young people 15 to 29 years of age, suicide is the second leading cause of death globally after traffic accidents and accounts for 8.5 percent of all deaths. Tables 32.1–1 and 32.1–2 show the number and suicide rates by age group in all WHO regions for males and females, respectively. Suicide rates for males are highest in Europe, followed by Southeast Asia and Western Pacific. Suicide rates for females are highest in Southeast Asia and Western Pacific. In Table 32.1–3, the absolute numbers, crude, and age-adjusted suicide rates per 100,000 persons in each state in the United States are shown. The age-adjusted suicide rate for the United States is 12.6 per 100,000 population. The highest age-adjusted suicide rates are in Montana, Alaska, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Idaho, Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota, while the lowest are in the District of Columbia, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Within the same region, suicide rates can vary from one district to another. Therefore, it is important for tailored suicide prevention to survey local data from both population and clinical settings, as risk groups and risk factors can vary considerably at the local level.