BIOS252 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers | Verified | Exam Study Guide | Guaranteed Pass | Graded A+.

BIOS252 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers | Verified | Exam Study Guide | Guaranteed Pass | Graded A+. 1. Compare and contrast the three different types of muscle tissue: 2. 4 Functions of muscle tissue 1. _____________________________ 2. _____________________________ 3. _____________________________ 4. _____________________________ 3. Know the 4 properties of muscle tissue and what each one means 1. Electrical excitability - __________________________________ 2. Contractility - _________________________________________ 3. Extensibility - _________________________________________ 4. Elasticity- _____________________________________________ 4. Muscle Tissue components and Anatomy – be able to identify the following items: • Know the fascial coverings (Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium) and what structures each one surrounds • Organization of muscle tissue from smallest to largest: • Filament, myofibril, fiber, fascicle, skeletal muscle • Tendons connect muscle to bone 5. Excitation – Contraction Coupling • Secretion of the neurotransmitter, __________, from the motor neuron • Ach opens ligand-gated sodium channels on the sarcolemma  ________ flows into cell • __________________ is the enzyme that degrades the left over Ach in the synaptic cleft • Generation of an action potential • Action potential propagates down the t-tubules and opens voltage-gated calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing _________ into the cytosol of the cell • This ion from above binds to troponin and tropomyosin moving them off the actin exposing the myosin binding site • ____________ (thick filament) binds to ____________ (thin filament)  Generation of a power stroke 6. Muscle metabolism (3 ways to generate ATP), when is each one used? 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 7. Twitch contraction: what is happening inside the muscle fiber/cell during: 1. Latent period: __________________________________________ 2. Contraction period: ______________________________________ 3. Relaxation period: _______________________________________ 8. Frequency of stimulation 1. Wave summation – stimulations arrive at different times causing larger contractions 2. Unfused tetanus – when a muscle fiber is stimulated repeatedly and can only partially relax between stimuli 3. Fused tetanus – a sustained contraction where individual twitches cannot be detected 2 Factors contributing to muscle fatigue a Inadequate release of calcium from SR b Depletion of creatine phosphate, oxygen, and nutrients c Buildup of lactic acid and ADP d Insufficient release of Ach at the neuro muscular junction 10. Isotonic and isometric contractions: What is happening to the muscles (shortening, lengthening, or no movement) during this types of contraction? Give 2 examples of this type of contraction: 1. Isometric: _______________________________________________________________ 2. Isotonic concentric: ________________________________________________________ 3. Isotonic Eccentric: _________________________________________________________ 4. What does isotonic mean? ___________________________________________________ 11. Types of skeletal muscle fibers 1. Slow oxidative fibers – red, high resistance to fatigue, posture muscles 2. Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic fibers – pink, intermediate resistance to fatigue, walking and sprinting 3. Fast Glycolytic fibers – white, low resistance to fatigue, short burst muscles CHAPTER 11 1. How skeletal muscles produce movements • The tendon attached to the moveable bone is the __________ and the tendon attached to the stationary bone is the _________ (which is origin and which is insertion?) • Motion is created when the effort overcomes the load and creates a motion at the fulcrum/joint (lever system) • Bones are levers, joints are fulcrums, muscles are the effort, and the resistance being overcome is the load • 3 types of lever systems i. First class lever system – effort, fulcrum, and load ii. Second class lever system – effort, load, and fulcrum iii. Third class lever system – fulcrum, effort, and load iv. What type provides a mechanical advantage and what type provides a mechanical disadvantage? _____________________________________________________ • Know the below terms and give examples of them: o Agonist (prime mover) – ___________________________________________ o Antagonist – _____________________________________________________ o Synergist – ______________________________________________________ o Fixators – stabilizes the prime mover so it can act more efficiently __________ 2. How Skeletal Muscles Are Named • Muscles are named based on: directions of fascicles, size, shape, action, number of origins, location of the muscle, and sites of origins and insertions of the muscles