Public Institutions and Policy
PublicMaking
Institutions
Processes
and Policy
_ Autumn
Public
Making
Institutions
2026
Processes
Studyand
Guide,
_ Policy
Autumn
Concepts
Making
2026 Study
&
Processes
Exam
Guide,
Review.pdf
_ Autumn
Concepts
2026
& Exam
StudyReview.pdf
Guide, Concepts & Exam Review
Public Institutions
and Policy Making
Processes |
Autumn 2026
Study Guide,
Concepts & Exam
Review
Public Institutions and Policy
PublicMaking
Institutions
Processes
and Policy
Public
_ Autumn
Making
Institutions
2026
Processes
Study
and Policy
Guide,
_ Autumn
Making
Concepts
2026
Processes
Study
& ExamGuide,
_Review.pdf
Autumn
Concepts
2026 Study
& Exam
Guide,
Review.pdf
Concepts & Exam Review.pdf
,Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025
What are the characteristics/ purpose of rules in They regulate behavior, create predictability, are binding, can be enforced,
society? to protect freedom
What are tools that IOS use? Logistics (venues), codification, monitoring / evaluation, expertise /
information
What the 5 challenges with bureaucracy? Information asymmetry, divergent preferences, low accountability,
patronage/ politicize, corruption risk
What are maximal vs minimal democracy? Liberal vs Electoral Democracy
What is Selectorate theory? Selectorate theory explains how leaders stay in power by keeping the
support of a winning coalition. The selectorate is the group that can choose
the leader, and the winning coalition is the subset whose support is
necessary to rule. When the winning coalition is small, leaders rely on
private goods, while large winning coalitions push leaders to provide public
goods.
What are waves of democracy in democratization Periods when many countries become democratic at once, often followed
theory? by reversals.
How do rules regulate behavior? Through prohibition, order, and coordination
Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf
,Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025
What is collective enforcement and how is it carried Collective enforcement means that rules compliance is ensured through
out? public authority, typically state, which holds a monopoly on coercion and
violence. Enforcement can be done through incarceration, fines,
compensation for damage etc...
How are most laws made? By state agencies: parliaments, courts, and administrative bodies
What are Soft-Laws? Soft-laws are formally created by authorities, similar to positive law, but are
not legally binding and rely on voluntary compliance.
How do law and morality differ? Morality judges actions on a spectrum from "good" to "bad" while laws are
binary. Laws are enforced by the state, while moral values are not.
What are legal tradeoffs and incommensurable Legal decisions often have to balance values that cannot be compared
values? (incommensurable) and efficiency vs fairness.
What are the main branches of the national legal 1. Private Law: governs relations between individuals,
system? 2. Public Law: governs relations between the state and individuals,
3. Procedural Law: governs how legal cases are processed and enforced
What are the main sub-branches of Private Law? 1. Substantive law: property law, family law, law of succession, contract and
torts law, and specialized laws
2. Commercial law: corporation law, antitrust, banking, securities, and
intellectual property law
Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf
, Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025
What is the hierarchy within National Law? (Civil Law 1. Constitution (constitutional law): Supreme (meta) law setting the basic
System) (explain each level) structure of government and fundamental rights; all other laws must comply
with it.
2. Statutes (legislative acts): Formal laws passed by the legislature; create
general, binding legal rules and may delegate authority to the executive.
3. Regulations (delegated/administrative law): Detailed rules made by
ministries or agencies under power granted by statutes; specify how
statutes are applied.
4. Customary Law: Rules that gain legal force through long-standing,
consistent social practice accepted as binding (used when no written law
exists).
5. Case Law (judicial precedent): Legal principles and interpretations
established by court decisions; bind lower courts and guide application of
statutes and regulations.
What are the rules to deal with conflicts in National 1. Lex superior: Higher law overrules lower law
Law? 2. Lex specialis: More specific law overrides more general law
3. Lex posterior: Newer law overrides older law
What is international law and how is it created? Law based on agreements between sovereign states; no central authority
or mandatory court. Relies on consent and coordination through treaties,
conventions, and custom.
Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf
PublicMaking
Institutions
Processes
and Policy
_ Autumn
Public
Making
Institutions
2026
Processes
Studyand
Guide,
_ Policy
Autumn
Concepts
Making
2026 Study
&
Processes
Exam
Guide,
Review.pdf
_ Autumn
Concepts
2026
& Exam
StudyReview.pdf
Guide, Concepts & Exam Review
Public Institutions
and Policy Making
Processes |
Autumn 2026
Study Guide,
Concepts & Exam
Review
Public Institutions and Policy
PublicMaking
Institutions
Processes
and Policy
Public
_ Autumn
Making
Institutions
2026
Processes
Study
and Policy
Guide,
_ Autumn
Making
Concepts
2026
Processes
Study
& ExamGuide,
_Review.pdf
Autumn
Concepts
2026 Study
& Exam
Guide,
Review.pdf
Concepts & Exam Review.pdf
,Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025
What are the characteristics/ purpose of rules in They regulate behavior, create predictability, are binding, can be enforced,
society? to protect freedom
What are tools that IOS use? Logistics (venues), codification, monitoring / evaluation, expertise /
information
What the 5 challenges with bureaucracy? Information asymmetry, divergent preferences, low accountability,
patronage/ politicize, corruption risk
What are maximal vs minimal democracy? Liberal vs Electoral Democracy
What is Selectorate theory? Selectorate theory explains how leaders stay in power by keeping the
support of a winning coalition. The selectorate is the group that can choose
the leader, and the winning coalition is the subset whose support is
necessary to rule. When the winning coalition is small, leaders rely on
private goods, while large winning coalitions push leaders to provide public
goods.
What are waves of democracy in democratization Periods when many countries become democratic at once, often followed
theory? by reversals.
How do rules regulate behavior? Through prohibition, order, and coordination
Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf
,Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025
What is collective enforcement and how is it carried Collective enforcement means that rules compliance is ensured through
out? public authority, typically state, which holds a monopoly on coercion and
violence. Enforcement can be done through incarceration, fines,
compensation for damage etc...
How are most laws made? By state agencies: parliaments, courts, and administrative bodies
What are Soft-Laws? Soft-laws are formally created by authorities, similar to positive law, but are
not legally binding and rely on voluntary compliance.
How do law and morality differ? Morality judges actions on a spectrum from "good" to "bad" while laws are
binary. Laws are enforced by the state, while moral values are not.
What are legal tradeoffs and incommensurable Legal decisions often have to balance values that cannot be compared
values? (incommensurable) and efficiency vs fairness.
What are the main branches of the national legal 1. Private Law: governs relations between individuals,
system? 2. Public Law: governs relations between the state and individuals,
3. Procedural Law: governs how legal cases are processed and enforced
What are the main sub-branches of Private Law? 1. Substantive law: property law, family law, law of succession, contract and
torts law, and specialized laws
2. Commercial law: corporation law, antitrust, banking, securities, and
intellectual property law
Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf
, Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025
What is the hierarchy within National Law? (Civil Law 1. Constitution (constitutional law): Supreme (meta) law setting the basic
System) (explain each level) structure of government and fundamental rights; all other laws must comply
with it.
2. Statutes (legislative acts): Formal laws passed by the legislature; create
general, binding legal rules and may delegate authority to the executive.
3. Regulations (delegated/administrative law): Detailed rules made by
ministries or agencies under power granted by statutes; specify how
statutes are applied.
4. Customary Law: Rules that gain legal force through long-standing,
consistent social practice accepted as binding (used when no written law
exists).
5. Case Law (judicial precedent): Legal principles and interpretations
established by court decisions; bind lower courts and guide application of
statutes and regulations.
What are the rules to deal with conflicts in National 1. Lex superior: Higher law overrules lower law
Law? 2. Lex specialis: More specific law overrides more general law
3. Lex posterior: Newer law overrides older law
What is international law and how is it created? Law based on agreements between sovereign states; no central authority
or mandatory court. Relies on consent and coordination through treaties,
conventions, and custom.
Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf Public Institutions and Policy Making Processes Autumn 2025.pdf
