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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
PAPER 2
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
Contents
................................................................................................................... 7
................................................................... 8
6.1 RATE OF REACTION ........................................................................................................ 8
6.1.1 Calculating rates of reactions ................................................................................... 8
6.1.2 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions ............................................. 8
6.1.3 Collision theory and activation energy .................................................................... 9
6.1.4 Catalysts ..................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 REVERSIBLE REACTIONS AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM .......................................... 10
6.2.1 Reversible reactions ................................................................................................ 10
6.2.2 Energy changes and reversible reactions ............................................................. 10
6.2.3 Equilibrium................................................................................................................ 10
6.2.4 The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium ................................................ 11
6.2.5 The effect of changing concentration .................................................................... 11
6.2.6 The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium ............................................... 11
6.2.7 The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium ..................................................... 11
............................................................................................................. 12
7.1 CARBON COMPOUNDS AS FUELS AND FEEDSTOCK ............................................... 12
7.1.1 Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes .................................................................... 12
7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals ............................................................. 13
7.1.3 Properties of hydrocarbons .................................................................................... 13
7.1.4 Cracking and alkenes .............................................................................................. 13
7.2 REACTIONS OF ALKENES AND ALCOHOLS ............................................................... 14
7.2.1 Structure and formulae of alkenes ......................................................................... 14
7.2.2 Reactions of alkenes ................................................................................................ 15
7.2.3 Alcohols .................................................................................................................... 17
7.2.4 Carboxylic acids ....................................................................................................... 19
7.3 SYNTHETIC AND NATURALLY OCCURING POLYMERS ............................................ 20
7.3.1 Addition polymerisation .......................................................................................... 20
7.3.2 Condensation polymerisation ................................................................................. 21
7.3.3 Amino acids .............................................................................................................. 21
7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers ............... 22
............................................................................................................... 23
8.1 PURITY, FORMULATIONS AND CHROMATOGRAPHY ................................................ 23
8.1.1 Pure substances....................................................................................................... 23
3
AQA GCSE (9-1) CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
Contents
8.1.2 Formulations............................................................................................................. 23
8.1.3 Chromatography ...................................................................................................... 24
8.2 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON GASES ........................................................................ 24
8.2.1 Test for hydrogen ..................................................................................................... 24
8.2.2 Test for oxygen......................................................................................................... 24
8.2.3 Test for carbon dioxide ............................................................................................ 24
8.2.4 Test for chlorine ....................................................................................................... 24
8.3 IDENTIFICATION OF IONS BY CHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC MEANS ............. 25
8.3.1 Flame tests................................................................................................................ 25
8.3.2 Metal hydroxides ...................................................................................................... 25
8.3.3 Carbonates................................................................................................................ 25
8.3.4 Halides ...................................................................................................................... 26
8.3.5 Sulfates ..................................................................................................................... 26
8.3.6 Instrumental methods .............................................................................................. 26
8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy ................................................................................ 26
....................................................................................... 27
9.1 THE COMPOSITION AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE ................. 27
9.1.1 The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere ......................................... 27
9.1.2 The Earth’s early atmosphere ................................................................................. 27
9.1.3 How oxygen increased ............................................................................................ 27
9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased............................................................................... 28
9.2 CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE AS GREENHOUSE GASES ................................. 29
9.2.1 Greenhouse Gases................................................................................................... 29
9.2.2 Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere ........................................................................................................................... 29
9.2.3 Global climate change ............................................................................................. 30
9.2.4 The carbon footprint and its reduction .................................................................. 30
9.3 COMMON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES.............................. 31
9.3.1 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels ......................................................................... 31
9.3.2 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants ................................................. 31
............................................................................................................... 32
10.1 USING THE EARTH’S RESOURCES AND OBTAINING POTABLE WATER ............. 32
10.1.1 Using the Earth’s resources and sustainable development ................................. 32
10.1.2 Potable water ............................................................................................................ 33
10.1.3 Waste water treatment ............................................................................................. 33
10.1.4 Alternative methods of extracting metals .............................................................. 34
4
AQA GCSE (9-1) CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
PAPER 2
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
Contents
................................................................................................................... 7
................................................................... 8
6.1 RATE OF REACTION ........................................................................................................ 8
6.1.1 Calculating rates of reactions ................................................................................... 8
6.1.2 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions ............................................. 8
6.1.3 Collision theory and activation energy .................................................................... 9
6.1.4 Catalysts ..................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 REVERSIBLE REACTIONS AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM .......................................... 10
6.2.1 Reversible reactions ................................................................................................ 10
6.2.2 Energy changes and reversible reactions ............................................................. 10
6.2.3 Equilibrium................................................................................................................ 10
6.2.4 The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium ................................................ 11
6.2.5 The effect of changing concentration .................................................................... 11
6.2.6 The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium ............................................... 11
6.2.7 The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium ..................................................... 11
............................................................................................................. 12
7.1 CARBON COMPOUNDS AS FUELS AND FEEDSTOCK ............................................... 12
7.1.1 Crude oil, hydrocarbons and alkanes .................................................................... 12
7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals ............................................................. 13
7.1.3 Properties of hydrocarbons .................................................................................... 13
7.1.4 Cracking and alkenes .............................................................................................. 13
7.2 REACTIONS OF ALKENES AND ALCOHOLS ............................................................... 14
7.2.1 Structure and formulae of alkenes ......................................................................... 14
7.2.2 Reactions of alkenes ................................................................................................ 15
7.2.3 Alcohols .................................................................................................................... 17
7.2.4 Carboxylic acids ....................................................................................................... 19
7.3 SYNTHETIC AND NATURALLY OCCURING POLYMERS ............................................ 20
7.3.1 Addition polymerisation .......................................................................................... 20
7.3.2 Condensation polymerisation ................................................................................. 21
7.3.3 Amino acids .............................................................................................................. 21
7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers ............... 22
............................................................................................................... 23
8.1 PURITY, FORMULATIONS AND CHROMATOGRAPHY ................................................ 23
8.1.1 Pure substances....................................................................................................... 23
3
AQA GCSE (9-1) CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
Contents
8.1.2 Formulations............................................................................................................. 23
8.1.3 Chromatography ...................................................................................................... 24
8.2 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON GASES ........................................................................ 24
8.2.1 Test for hydrogen ..................................................................................................... 24
8.2.2 Test for oxygen......................................................................................................... 24
8.2.3 Test for carbon dioxide ............................................................................................ 24
8.2.4 Test for chlorine ....................................................................................................... 24
8.3 IDENTIFICATION OF IONS BY CHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC MEANS ............. 25
8.3.1 Flame tests................................................................................................................ 25
8.3.2 Metal hydroxides ...................................................................................................... 25
8.3.3 Carbonates................................................................................................................ 25
8.3.4 Halides ...................................................................................................................... 26
8.3.5 Sulfates ..................................................................................................................... 26
8.3.6 Instrumental methods .............................................................................................. 26
8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy ................................................................................ 26
....................................................................................... 27
9.1 THE COMPOSITION AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE ................. 27
9.1.1 The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere ......................................... 27
9.1.2 The Earth’s early atmosphere ................................................................................. 27
9.1.3 How oxygen increased ............................................................................................ 27
9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased............................................................................... 28
9.2 CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE AS GREENHOUSE GASES ................................. 29
9.2.1 Greenhouse Gases................................................................................................... 29
9.2.2 Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere ........................................................................................................................... 29
9.2.3 Global climate change ............................................................................................. 30
9.2.4 The carbon footprint and its reduction .................................................................. 30
9.3 COMMON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES.............................. 31
9.3.1 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels ......................................................................... 31
9.3.2 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants ................................................. 31
............................................................................................................... 32
10.1 USING THE EARTH’S RESOURCES AND OBTAINING POTABLE WATER ............. 32
10.1.1 Using the Earth’s resources and sustainable development ................................. 32
10.1.2 Potable water ............................................................................................................ 33
10.1.3 Waste water treatment ............................................................................................. 33
10.1.4 Alternative methods of extracting metals .............................................................. 34
4
AQA GCSE (9-1) CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
aqa-gcse-chemistry-2-revision-notes-key-concepts-and-formulations.pdf
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