BIO 305 UPDATED 2026 EXAMINERS QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔transition = - ✔✔purine replaces purine OR pyrimidine replaces pyrimidine
✔✔transversion = - ✔✔purine replaces pyrimidine OR pyrimidine replaces purine
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a
gene is copied into mRNA
✔✔Transcription steps 1, 2, 3 - ✔✔1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
✔✔describe the events of transcription initiation - ✔✔In transcription initiation, the DNA
double helix unwinds locally, transcription factors bind near the promoter, and RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter.
✔✔Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
-occurs on the ribosome
✔✔Translation steps - ✔✔1. mRNA in cytoplasm binds to a ribosome (rRNA)
2. tRNAs anticodons bind to the codons on the mRNA sequence
, 3. the amino acids on the RNA bind to eachother to form a long chain, or protein
✔✔Translation steps 1, 2, 3 - ✔✔1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
✔✔list three major types of RNA and their functions - ✔✔Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries the information that specifies a protein. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) combines with
proteins to form a ribosome, the physical location of protein synthesis. Transfer RNA
(tRNA): molecules are "connectors" that bind mRNA codons at one end and specific
amino acids at the other. Their role is to carry each amino acid to the ribosome at the
correct spot along the mRNA molecule.
✔✔Describe three ways RNA is altered after it is transcribed - ✔✔Post-transcriptional
changes to RNA include adding a cap and poly A tail, and removing introns.
✔✔what are the components of a ribosome - ✔✔Ribosomal large subunits and many
polypeptide chains
✔✔list the RNA sequence transcribed from the DNA Template sequence
TTACACTTGCTTGAGAGTC - ✔✔T-A (RNA)
A-U
C-G
G-C
✔✔Titin is muscle protein named for its size -- its gene has the largest known coding
sequence of 80, 781 DNA bases. How many amino acids long is it? - ✔✔26, 927
✔✔In malignant hyperthermia, a mutation deletes three contiguous bases in exon 44.
How many amino acids are missing from the protein? - ✔✔1
✔✔What are the two steps of protein synthesis? - ✔✔transcription and translation
✔✔Protein structure - ✔✔primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
-the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
✔✔protein folding - ✔✔begins during translation
-can misfold
*misfold proteins aggregate EX alzheimers
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔transition = - ✔✔purine replaces purine OR pyrimidine replaces pyrimidine
✔✔transversion = - ✔✔purine replaces pyrimidine OR pyrimidine replaces purine
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a
gene is copied into mRNA
✔✔Transcription steps 1, 2, 3 - ✔✔1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
✔✔describe the events of transcription initiation - ✔✔In transcription initiation, the DNA
double helix unwinds locally, transcription factors bind near the promoter, and RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter.
✔✔Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
-occurs on the ribosome
✔✔Translation steps - ✔✔1. mRNA in cytoplasm binds to a ribosome (rRNA)
2. tRNAs anticodons bind to the codons on the mRNA sequence
, 3. the amino acids on the RNA bind to eachother to form a long chain, or protein
✔✔Translation steps 1, 2, 3 - ✔✔1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
✔✔list three major types of RNA and their functions - ✔✔Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries the information that specifies a protein. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) combines with
proteins to form a ribosome, the physical location of protein synthesis. Transfer RNA
(tRNA): molecules are "connectors" that bind mRNA codons at one end and specific
amino acids at the other. Their role is to carry each amino acid to the ribosome at the
correct spot along the mRNA molecule.
✔✔Describe three ways RNA is altered after it is transcribed - ✔✔Post-transcriptional
changes to RNA include adding a cap and poly A tail, and removing introns.
✔✔what are the components of a ribosome - ✔✔Ribosomal large subunits and many
polypeptide chains
✔✔list the RNA sequence transcribed from the DNA Template sequence
TTACACTTGCTTGAGAGTC - ✔✔T-A (RNA)
A-U
C-G
G-C
✔✔Titin is muscle protein named for its size -- its gene has the largest known coding
sequence of 80, 781 DNA bases. How many amino acids long is it? - ✔✔26, 927
✔✔In malignant hyperthermia, a mutation deletes three contiguous bases in exon 44.
How many amino acids are missing from the protein? - ✔✔1
✔✔What are the two steps of protein synthesis? - ✔✔transcription and translation
✔✔Protein structure - ✔✔primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
-the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
✔✔protein folding - ✔✔begins during translation
-can misfold
*misfold proteins aggregate EX alzheimers
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
