Human bio summary
Blood
Blood, lymph
Cervix fluid: in brain, not in cycle
Functions of blood:
- Transportation
o O2/CO2: O2 by erythrocytes, CO2 mainly dissolved in plasma
o Nutrients/waste/by-products
o Hormones: mainly to brain
- Defense: leukocytes -> phagocytosis
- Regulation: homeostasis
o Iron/ions
o Gasses
o Clotting/flow
o Body temperature: dealate veins in skin -> cool down
o Osmotic pressure -> arterioles
o pH (7.4)
blood = liquid connective tissue
cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
plasma: water + proteins + dissolvents
proteins: albumins (osmotic pressure), globulins (transport), fibrinogens (clotting)
blood cells:
formed in red bone marrow (t-lymphocytes in thymus)
blood cell production can change:
- unknown substances in blood (travel) -> more leukocytes
- O2 stress -> more erythrocytes
- Space travel -> less production
Erythrocytes = red blood cells = RBC
Move O2, help with CO2 -> cytoplasm filled with hemoglobulin
Heme on hemoglobulin binds oxygen -> becomes oxyhemoglobulin
Multiple hemes per hemoglobulin + multiple hemoglobulins per cell -> 1 cell = 1x109 O2 molecules
Don’t have a nucleus -> live only 120 days
Regulation: brain gives signal to kidney -> kidney increases erythropoietin (EPO) -> more erythrocyte
production -> higher O2 concentration
Diseases:
- Jaundice = accumulation of hemes -> yellow eyes/skin
- Anemia = too few hemoglobulin/RBC’s
o Iron deficiency = bad iron uptake
o Pernicious = too little B12
o Folic-acid-deficiency = too little folic acid
o Hemolytic = too much hemolysis
,Leukocytes = white blood cells = WBC
Less numerous then RBC, large, have nucleus, immune cells
Some live short (days), some live long (years)
Classified by granulation + lobed nucleus:
Neutrophils:
o Multilobe nucleus = poly’s
o First responders to infection -> phagocytosis
o Can leave bloodstream
Eosinophils:
o Bilobed nucleus
o Basic granules -> stains with acids (red)
o Functions in allergic reactions + kill parasites
Basophils:
o U-shaped bilobed nucleus
o Acidic granules -> stain with bases (blue/purple)
o Found in connective tissue, release histamine
Lymphocytes:
o B-cells = produce antibodies
o T-cells = destroy pathogens, mature in thymus
o Big, non-lobed nucleus
Monocytes:
o Big, non-lobed nucleus
o Macrophages, remove body cells after apoptosis
Diseases:
- SCID = no leukocytes, no immune system
- Leukaemia = cancer in leukocytes
- Infectious mononucleosis = EBV = infects lymphocytes -> fatigue
Thrombocytes = platelets
Function in clotting:
1. Thrombocytes stick to wound -> first seal = puss
2. Injured cells release prothrombin activator
3. Prothrombin gets activated by prothrombin activator + Ca + -> thrombin
4. Fibrinogen gets converted by thrombin + Ca+ -> fibrin threads
5. Fibrin forms net
6. Fibrin net catches erythrocytes -> closes hole
Cloth dissolves when tissue is healed
Diseases:
- Thrombocytopenia = too few thrombocytes -> excess bleeding
- Thromboembolism = cloth moves around in tissue -> dangerous in brain/heart
- Haemophilia = no cloth formation -> excess bleeding
Blood types/groups:
- ABO:
o A = A antigen + anti-B antibodies
, o B = B antigen + anti-A antibodies
o AB = A and B antigens, no antibodies -> general recipient
o O = no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies -> general donor
- Rhesus (Rh): d-antigen develops after exposure to Rhesus factor, + or –
o Rh- mom births Rh+ baby -> mom makes Rh antibodies -> second Rh+ baby ->
antibodies attack baby :(
Hemopoiesis
Peripheral blood = everywhere except in bone marrow
Erythocytopoiesis = RBC production
Granulocytes = neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil -> lobed nucleus + have granules
Azurophilic granules are filled with proteases and antibacterial proteins
Specific granules contain enzymes to degrade extra cellular matrix
Agranulocytes = monocyte, lymphocyte
Granulocytopoiesis = granulated WBC production
Blood
Blood, lymph
Cervix fluid: in brain, not in cycle
Functions of blood:
- Transportation
o O2/CO2: O2 by erythrocytes, CO2 mainly dissolved in plasma
o Nutrients/waste/by-products
o Hormones: mainly to brain
- Defense: leukocytes -> phagocytosis
- Regulation: homeostasis
o Iron/ions
o Gasses
o Clotting/flow
o Body temperature: dealate veins in skin -> cool down
o Osmotic pressure -> arterioles
o pH (7.4)
blood = liquid connective tissue
cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
plasma: water + proteins + dissolvents
proteins: albumins (osmotic pressure), globulins (transport), fibrinogens (clotting)
blood cells:
formed in red bone marrow (t-lymphocytes in thymus)
blood cell production can change:
- unknown substances in blood (travel) -> more leukocytes
- O2 stress -> more erythrocytes
- Space travel -> less production
Erythrocytes = red blood cells = RBC
Move O2, help with CO2 -> cytoplasm filled with hemoglobulin
Heme on hemoglobulin binds oxygen -> becomes oxyhemoglobulin
Multiple hemes per hemoglobulin + multiple hemoglobulins per cell -> 1 cell = 1x109 O2 molecules
Don’t have a nucleus -> live only 120 days
Regulation: brain gives signal to kidney -> kidney increases erythropoietin (EPO) -> more erythrocyte
production -> higher O2 concentration
Diseases:
- Jaundice = accumulation of hemes -> yellow eyes/skin
- Anemia = too few hemoglobulin/RBC’s
o Iron deficiency = bad iron uptake
o Pernicious = too little B12
o Folic-acid-deficiency = too little folic acid
o Hemolytic = too much hemolysis
,Leukocytes = white blood cells = WBC
Less numerous then RBC, large, have nucleus, immune cells
Some live short (days), some live long (years)
Classified by granulation + lobed nucleus:
Neutrophils:
o Multilobe nucleus = poly’s
o First responders to infection -> phagocytosis
o Can leave bloodstream
Eosinophils:
o Bilobed nucleus
o Basic granules -> stains with acids (red)
o Functions in allergic reactions + kill parasites
Basophils:
o U-shaped bilobed nucleus
o Acidic granules -> stain with bases (blue/purple)
o Found in connective tissue, release histamine
Lymphocytes:
o B-cells = produce antibodies
o T-cells = destroy pathogens, mature in thymus
o Big, non-lobed nucleus
Monocytes:
o Big, non-lobed nucleus
o Macrophages, remove body cells after apoptosis
Diseases:
- SCID = no leukocytes, no immune system
- Leukaemia = cancer in leukocytes
- Infectious mononucleosis = EBV = infects lymphocytes -> fatigue
Thrombocytes = platelets
Function in clotting:
1. Thrombocytes stick to wound -> first seal = puss
2. Injured cells release prothrombin activator
3. Prothrombin gets activated by prothrombin activator + Ca + -> thrombin
4. Fibrinogen gets converted by thrombin + Ca+ -> fibrin threads
5. Fibrin forms net
6. Fibrin net catches erythrocytes -> closes hole
Cloth dissolves when tissue is healed
Diseases:
- Thrombocytopenia = too few thrombocytes -> excess bleeding
- Thromboembolism = cloth moves around in tissue -> dangerous in brain/heart
- Haemophilia = no cloth formation -> excess bleeding
Blood types/groups:
- ABO:
o A = A antigen + anti-B antibodies
, o B = B antigen + anti-A antibodies
o AB = A and B antigens, no antibodies -> general recipient
o O = no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies -> general donor
- Rhesus (Rh): d-antigen develops after exposure to Rhesus factor, + or –
o Rh- mom births Rh+ baby -> mom makes Rh antibodies -> second Rh+ baby ->
antibodies attack baby :(
Hemopoiesis
Peripheral blood = everywhere except in bone marrow
Erythocytopoiesis = RBC production
Granulocytes = neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil -> lobed nucleus + have granules
Azurophilic granules are filled with proteases and antibacterial proteins
Specific granules contain enzymes to degrade extra cellular matrix
Agranulocytes = monocyte, lymphocyte
Granulocytopoiesis = granulated WBC production
