NSG 434 EXAM #2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Dehydration (early sign) - Answers Tachycardia is the earliest sign because the body compensates for
fluid loss before blood pressure drops.
Dehydration (late signs) - Answers Hypotension, cool extremities, altered LOC, weak pulses, shock.
Mild dehydration infant - Answers Less than 5% fluid loss.
Moderate dehydration infant - Answers 5-10% fluid loss.
Severe dehydration infant - Answers Greater than 10% fluid loss.
Mild dehydration child - Answers Less than 3%.
Moderate dehydration child - Answers 3-6%.
Severe dehydration child - Answers Greater than 6%.
Treatment for severe dehydration - Answers 20 mL/kg NS or LR bolus.
Cause of Hirschsprung disease - Answers Absence of ganglion cells causing no peristalsis.
Pathophysiology of Hirschsprung disease - Answers No ganglion cells → no peristalsis → obstruction
→ megacolon.
Classic finding in Hirschsprung disease - Answers Failure to pass meconium within 24-48 hours.
Stool finding in Hirschsprung disease - Answers Ribbon stools.
Gold standard diagnosis for Hirschsprung disease - Answers Rectal biopsy.
Classic signs of pyloric stenosis - Answers Projectile vomiting + olive mass + hungry infant.
Age seen in pyloric stenosis - Answers Usually 4-6 weeks.
Labs in pyloric stenosis - Answers Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, elevated BUN, possible
hypokalemia.
Surgery for pyloric stenosis - Answers Pyloromyotomy.
Cause of intussusception - Answers One bowel segment telescopes into another.
Classic stool finding in intussusception - Answers Currant jelly stool.
Behavior seen in intussusception - Answers Pulling knees to chest with episodes of crying.
First treatment for intussusception - Answers Air enema.
Diagnostic test for intussusception - Answers Ultrasound.
Cause of celiac disease - Answers Immune response to gluten causing villi destruction.
Symptoms of celiac disease - Answers Steatorrhea, diarrhea, abdominal distention, anemia, FTT.
Foods avoided in celiac disease - Answers Wheat, rye, barley, oats.
Most common organism causing UTI - Answers E. coli.
UTI symptoms - Answers Dysuria, urgency, frequency, fever, pyuria.
UTI prevention - Answers Front-to-back wiping, fluids, cotton underwear, avoid bubble baths.
Definition of VUR - Answers Backward flow of urine into ureters.
Complications of VUR - Answers Pyelonephritis, renal scarring, hypertension, kidney damage.
Hypospadias - Answers Urethral opening below normal location.
Epispadias - Answers Urethral opening above normal location.
Important teaching for hypospadias - Answers Do NOT circumcise.
Cause of nephrotic syndrome - Answers Glomerular damage causes protein loss.
Signs of nephrotic syndrome - Answers Periorbital edema, generalized edema, foamy urine, weight
gain.
Priority nursing care for nephrotic syndrome - Answers Daily weights, I&O, monitor edema and skin
integrity.
Pediatric cardiac red flags - Answers Sweating feeds, poor feeding, FTT, tachypnea, weak pulses,
cyanosis.
Pathophysiology of PDA - Answers Ductus arteriosus remains open causing left-to-right shunt.
Signs of PDA - Answers Sweating feeds, tachypnea, poor growth, CHF signs.
Medication used for PDA - Answers Indomethacin.
Early respiratory distress signs - Answers Tachypnea, retractions, nasal flaring, accessory muscle use.
Late respiratory distress signs - Answers Slow RR, silent chest, lethargy, cyanosis.
Children usually arrest from - Answers Respiratory failure.
Priority after tonsillectomy - Answers Airway.
Earliest sign of tonsil bleed - Answers Frequent swallowing.
Late tonsil bleed findings - Answers Bright red blood, pallor, tachycardia.
Avoid after tonsillectomy - Answers Red fluids, citrus, straws, codeine.
Cause of otitis media - Answers Eustachian tube swelling after URI.
Dehydration (early sign) - Answers Tachycardia is the earliest sign because the body compensates for
fluid loss before blood pressure drops.
Dehydration (late signs) - Answers Hypotension, cool extremities, altered LOC, weak pulses, shock.
Mild dehydration infant - Answers Less than 5% fluid loss.
Moderate dehydration infant - Answers 5-10% fluid loss.
Severe dehydration infant - Answers Greater than 10% fluid loss.
Mild dehydration child - Answers Less than 3%.
Moderate dehydration child - Answers 3-6%.
Severe dehydration child - Answers Greater than 6%.
Treatment for severe dehydration - Answers 20 mL/kg NS or LR bolus.
Cause of Hirschsprung disease - Answers Absence of ganglion cells causing no peristalsis.
Pathophysiology of Hirschsprung disease - Answers No ganglion cells → no peristalsis → obstruction
→ megacolon.
Classic finding in Hirschsprung disease - Answers Failure to pass meconium within 24-48 hours.
Stool finding in Hirschsprung disease - Answers Ribbon stools.
Gold standard diagnosis for Hirschsprung disease - Answers Rectal biopsy.
Classic signs of pyloric stenosis - Answers Projectile vomiting + olive mass + hungry infant.
Age seen in pyloric stenosis - Answers Usually 4-6 weeks.
Labs in pyloric stenosis - Answers Metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, elevated BUN, possible
hypokalemia.
Surgery for pyloric stenosis - Answers Pyloromyotomy.
Cause of intussusception - Answers One bowel segment telescopes into another.
Classic stool finding in intussusception - Answers Currant jelly stool.
Behavior seen in intussusception - Answers Pulling knees to chest with episodes of crying.
First treatment for intussusception - Answers Air enema.
Diagnostic test for intussusception - Answers Ultrasound.
Cause of celiac disease - Answers Immune response to gluten causing villi destruction.
Symptoms of celiac disease - Answers Steatorrhea, diarrhea, abdominal distention, anemia, FTT.
Foods avoided in celiac disease - Answers Wheat, rye, barley, oats.
Most common organism causing UTI - Answers E. coli.
UTI symptoms - Answers Dysuria, urgency, frequency, fever, pyuria.
UTI prevention - Answers Front-to-back wiping, fluids, cotton underwear, avoid bubble baths.
Definition of VUR - Answers Backward flow of urine into ureters.
Complications of VUR - Answers Pyelonephritis, renal scarring, hypertension, kidney damage.
Hypospadias - Answers Urethral opening below normal location.
Epispadias - Answers Urethral opening above normal location.
Important teaching for hypospadias - Answers Do NOT circumcise.
Cause of nephrotic syndrome - Answers Glomerular damage causes protein loss.
Signs of nephrotic syndrome - Answers Periorbital edema, generalized edema, foamy urine, weight
gain.
Priority nursing care for nephrotic syndrome - Answers Daily weights, I&O, monitor edema and skin
integrity.
Pediatric cardiac red flags - Answers Sweating feeds, poor feeding, FTT, tachypnea, weak pulses,
cyanosis.
Pathophysiology of PDA - Answers Ductus arteriosus remains open causing left-to-right shunt.
Signs of PDA - Answers Sweating feeds, tachypnea, poor growth, CHF signs.
Medication used for PDA - Answers Indomethacin.
Early respiratory distress signs - Answers Tachypnea, retractions, nasal flaring, accessory muscle use.
Late respiratory distress signs - Answers Slow RR, silent chest, lethargy, cyanosis.
Children usually arrest from - Answers Respiratory failure.
Priority after tonsillectomy - Answers Airway.
Earliest sign of tonsil bleed - Answers Frequent swallowing.
Late tonsil bleed findings - Answers Bright red blood, pallor, tachycardia.
Avoid after tonsillectomy - Answers Red fluids, citrus, straws, codeine.
Cause of otitis media - Answers Eustachian tube swelling after URI.
