NSE 212 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
What is the significance of research and evidence-informed practice in Nursing - ANS -
Nursing research is integral to the achievement of providing quality outcomes in partnership w/
patients, their families/ significant others, and communities
- Nursing research gives specialized scientific knowledge and empowers nurses to anticipate/
meet the constantly changing challenges and maintain the profession societal relevance
Explain the relationship between evidence-based, evidence-informed, research utilization and
appraisal of research to practice - ANS - Nurses support and engage in research and other
activities to promote safe, competent, compassionate, and ethical care and use guidelines for
ethical research that are in keeping of nursing values.
- Therefore, to use research (EIP), you may not be able to conduct it, but understand the steps
of research and appraise it to read it critically and also use it to inform your clinical decisions
Role of Nurse to research process - ANS • Consumer: A consumer of research actively uses
and applies research, as a knowledgeable consumer, you must have knowledge about the
relevant subject matter, the ability to discriminate and to evaluate the information logically, and
the ability to apply the knowledge gained
• Generator of clinical questions
• Investigator/participant in research
• Protector of research participants
Historical Perspectives Of Nursing Research - ANS Florence Nightingale was the first nurse
researcher
• Key events of the 19th century
Nursing becomes a formal discipline.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 39
,Florence Nightingale publishes "Notes on Nursing" in 1860
Schools of nursing are beginning to be established
20th Century
Key events from 1900 to 1940
• Emphasis not on research but on preparation of nurses for practice
Key events from 1950 to 1960
• The American Nurses Association first publishes Nursing Research
• First master's program in nursing in Canada
Key events from 1960 to 1999
• First federally funded grant for nursing research
• 1st Center for Nursing Research McGill
• Doctoral programs Nursing research funding
21st Century History
Key events from 2000 to 2012
• Research Chair Awards are granted to nursing
• PhD programs in nursing are initiated at numerous universities across Canada.
Values, beliefs, and nature of knowledge - ANS Each Question requires that clinicians and
nurse researchers engage in a knowledge development process that begins with...
o identification of knowledge gaps (the absence of theoretical or scientific knowledge relevant
to the phenomenon of interest
o Knowledge generation (the conduct of research that provides answers to well thought out
research questions)
o knowledge distribution (distributed through journal articles, textbooks, and public
presentations to nurses)
o Knowledge is adopted (as nurse alter their practice on the basis of published information or as
health care orgs develop policies and protocols that are informed by newly generated
knowledge
o Knowledge review and revision (as new health issues arise, advances in clinical practice occur,
or knowledge becomes outdated)
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 39
,Philosophical assumptions underlying the post-positivist paradigm
and characteristics of quantitative research - ANS - All research is based on philosophical
beliefs about the world; these beliefs are the motivating values, concepts, principles, and the
nature of human knowledge of an individual, group, or culture, and they are the basis of a
worldview or paradigm
- Philosophical beliefs of post-positivist paradigmà Ontology, epistemology, researchers values,
methodology, aim of inquiry, context
What is Nursing Research? - ANS Research is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation
with the aim of answering questions about nursing phenomena
What is Nursing Phenomena? - ANS Phenomena can be defined as occurrences,
circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses.
Nursing Discipline - ANS • Discipline unique body of scientific knowledge
• Forms the foundation for evidence-informed nursing practice
• nursing practice - clinical research, outcomes of care
• Allows practice to change with work environments and the most common health issues
• Maintains the profession societal relevance
nursing profession - job satisfaction, education, administration, etc
Evidence-Informed Practice - ANS defined as the conscious and judicious use of the current
"best" evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care
decisions
focuses on a more inclusive and interactive process
Example: Also involves acknowledging and considering local ways of knowing, Indigenous
knowledge, cultural and religious norms, and clinical judgement.
• Researchers must consider, for example, how Indigenous peoples' ways of knowing and being
are based on relationships between mind, body, emotion, and spirit of community members
and the natural world.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 39
, Research Utilization (RU) - ANS a subset of evidence-informed practice that focuses on the
application of research findings to improve patient care.
Evidence Based Practice - ANS the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best
evidence in the care of patients and the delivery of health care services.
Future Directions and Trends in Research - ANS • Community based care
• Health promotion, risk reduction
• Reducing disparities in health care
• Research on older adults
• Interdisciplinary collaborative practice
• Use of technology
Needs of indigenous peoples
CNO Professional Standards Related to Research - ANS • Use research to inform
practice/professional service
• Seek and critique theoretical and research-based literature in nursing, health services, etc.
• Integrate research findings into professional service and practice
• Use research based/informed approaches for application to practice
CNA Position Statement - ANS • "CNA believes that nurses - including clinicians, educators,
researchers, administrators and policy-makers - must collaborate with other health-care
stakeholders to facilitate evidence-informed decision-making and practice". (CNA Position
Statement, 2018, p. 1)
Individual Nurses - ANS • Are positioned to provide optimal care by having acquired
competencies for evidence-informed nursing practice as part of their foundational education
• Read and critique evidence-informed literature (i.e., research articles, reports) in nursing,
health sciences and related disciplines
• Generate researchable questions and communicate them to their manager or clinical nurse
leaders or associated researchers
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 39
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
What is the significance of research and evidence-informed practice in Nursing - ANS -
Nursing research is integral to the achievement of providing quality outcomes in partnership w/
patients, their families/ significant others, and communities
- Nursing research gives specialized scientific knowledge and empowers nurses to anticipate/
meet the constantly changing challenges and maintain the profession societal relevance
Explain the relationship between evidence-based, evidence-informed, research utilization and
appraisal of research to practice - ANS - Nurses support and engage in research and other
activities to promote safe, competent, compassionate, and ethical care and use guidelines for
ethical research that are in keeping of nursing values.
- Therefore, to use research (EIP), you may not be able to conduct it, but understand the steps
of research and appraise it to read it critically and also use it to inform your clinical decisions
Role of Nurse to research process - ANS • Consumer: A consumer of research actively uses
and applies research, as a knowledgeable consumer, you must have knowledge about the
relevant subject matter, the ability to discriminate and to evaluate the information logically, and
the ability to apply the knowledge gained
• Generator of clinical questions
• Investigator/participant in research
• Protector of research participants
Historical Perspectives Of Nursing Research - ANS Florence Nightingale was the first nurse
researcher
• Key events of the 19th century
Nursing becomes a formal discipline.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 39
,Florence Nightingale publishes "Notes on Nursing" in 1860
Schools of nursing are beginning to be established
20th Century
Key events from 1900 to 1940
• Emphasis not on research but on preparation of nurses for practice
Key events from 1950 to 1960
• The American Nurses Association first publishes Nursing Research
• First master's program in nursing in Canada
Key events from 1960 to 1999
• First federally funded grant for nursing research
• 1st Center for Nursing Research McGill
• Doctoral programs Nursing research funding
21st Century History
Key events from 2000 to 2012
• Research Chair Awards are granted to nursing
• PhD programs in nursing are initiated at numerous universities across Canada.
Values, beliefs, and nature of knowledge - ANS Each Question requires that clinicians and
nurse researchers engage in a knowledge development process that begins with...
o identification of knowledge gaps (the absence of theoretical or scientific knowledge relevant
to the phenomenon of interest
o Knowledge generation (the conduct of research that provides answers to well thought out
research questions)
o knowledge distribution (distributed through journal articles, textbooks, and public
presentations to nurses)
o Knowledge is adopted (as nurse alter their practice on the basis of published information or as
health care orgs develop policies and protocols that are informed by newly generated
knowledge
o Knowledge review and revision (as new health issues arise, advances in clinical practice occur,
or knowledge becomes outdated)
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 39
,Philosophical assumptions underlying the post-positivist paradigm
and characteristics of quantitative research - ANS - All research is based on philosophical
beliefs about the world; these beliefs are the motivating values, concepts, principles, and the
nature of human knowledge of an individual, group, or culture, and they are the basis of a
worldview or paradigm
- Philosophical beliefs of post-positivist paradigmà Ontology, epistemology, researchers values,
methodology, aim of inquiry, context
What is Nursing Research? - ANS Research is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation
with the aim of answering questions about nursing phenomena
What is Nursing Phenomena? - ANS Phenomena can be defined as occurrences,
circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses.
Nursing Discipline - ANS • Discipline unique body of scientific knowledge
• Forms the foundation for evidence-informed nursing practice
• nursing practice - clinical research, outcomes of care
• Allows practice to change with work environments and the most common health issues
• Maintains the profession societal relevance
nursing profession - job satisfaction, education, administration, etc
Evidence-Informed Practice - ANS defined as the conscious and judicious use of the current
"best" evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide health care
decisions
focuses on a more inclusive and interactive process
Example: Also involves acknowledging and considering local ways of knowing, Indigenous
knowledge, cultural and religious norms, and clinical judgement.
• Researchers must consider, for example, how Indigenous peoples' ways of knowing and being
are based on relationships between mind, body, emotion, and spirit of community members
and the natural world.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 39
, Research Utilization (RU) - ANS a subset of evidence-informed practice that focuses on the
application of research findings to improve patient care.
Evidence Based Practice - ANS the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best
evidence in the care of patients and the delivery of health care services.
Future Directions and Trends in Research - ANS • Community based care
• Health promotion, risk reduction
• Reducing disparities in health care
• Research on older adults
• Interdisciplinary collaborative practice
• Use of technology
Needs of indigenous peoples
CNO Professional Standards Related to Research - ANS • Use research to inform
practice/professional service
• Seek and critique theoretical and research-based literature in nursing, health services, etc.
• Integrate research findings into professional service and practice
• Use research based/informed approaches for application to practice
CNA Position Statement - ANS • "CNA believes that nurses - including clinicians, educators,
researchers, administrators and policy-makers - must collaborate with other health-care
stakeholders to facilitate evidence-informed decision-making and practice". (CNA Position
Statement, 2018, p. 1)
Individual Nurses - ANS • Are positioned to provide optimal care by having acquired
competencies for evidence-informed nursing practice as part of their foundational education
• Read and critique evidence-informed literature (i.e., research articles, reports) in nursing,
health sciences and related disciplines
• Generate researchable questions and communicate them to their manager or clinical nurse
leaders or associated researchers
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 39
