BIO-322 Topic 6 Questions With Complete Solutions
4 types of multiple sclerosis Correct Answers remitting-
relapsing (MC) - episodes that gradually increase normality
primary progressive - gradually worse
secondary progressive - episodes that get worse then just
complete worsening
progressive relapsing - all of it, the worst
absence seizures (petit mal) Correct Answers "daydreaming"
10-20sec
no prodromal period, LOC, or postictal period
aware before and after, not during
often in kids, but can outgrow
acanthosis nigricans Correct Answers darkened skin mainly at
creases from increased insulin
acute (life threatening) complications Correct Answers type 1 -
DKA = low pH
type 2 - (rare) HHNKS = >600mg/dl glucose
alpha and beta cells balance each other out
what happens when beta cells stop working? Correct Answers
X insulin or amylin
no balance
hyperglycemia
amylin Correct Answers hey, that's enough sugar!
w insulin (lower blood glucose)
stims satiety
,inhibits glucagon
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Correct Answers
atrophy/degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons
uncontrolled deterioration of body
LMN degeneration = muscle wasting
UMN degeneration = later sclerosis
cause - idiopathic /multifactorial, glutamate? (neurotransmitter
stays in neuron too long, damaging it)
M>F, 40-60
S/S - fatigue, atrophy, weakness/cramps/spasms - dysarthria and
dysphagia, spastic/flaccid paralysis, resp infections, no
intellectual or sensory impact
Dx - MRI, conduction tests
Tx - riluzole - slows progression, not a cure
Ballismus/Hemiballismus Correct Answers involuntary
flinging
basal ganglia (brain) Correct Answers subconscious muscle
movement, coordinates known movements like walking,
smooths voluntary muscles
caffeine role in treating migraines Correct Answers depresses
sleepiness - reduces fatigue
(adenosine = vasodilator)
inhibits ^ = promotes vasoconstriction
dopamine :) = happier
epinephrin = energy
, cerebellum Correct Answers learning harder motor
movements, balance/coordination
alcohol affects neurons of cerebellum
chorea and athetosis Correct Answers Sudden jerky
movements or slow writhing movements from basal ganglia
lesion in Huntington's
chronic complications Correct Answers microvascular
macrovascular
cluster headaches Correct Answers least common - most severe
SEVERE PAIN around or behind eye
cause - they think dysfunction of CN V or hypothalamus
M>F, 20-50yrs
S/S - unilateral, may alternate, tearing, runny nose, eye swelling
and drooping, cyclical patterns (cluster) up to 8 attacks/day
(mins-hrs)
"suicide headaches"
Tx - blindfold, increased O2
high blood flow to area AFTER the pain
complex partial seizure Correct Answers electrical disturbance
of whole lobe
all stages - awake but altered consciousness and unresponsive
aura, memory loss, postictal confusion: hours
several mins
MCC - trauma or infection
automatic purposeless behaviors: lip smacking, clothe picking,
chewing, emotional outbursts
Ddx - drunk, drugs, aggression
4 types of multiple sclerosis Correct Answers remitting-
relapsing (MC) - episodes that gradually increase normality
primary progressive - gradually worse
secondary progressive - episodes that get worse then just
complete worsening
progressive relapsing - all of it, the worst
absence seizures (petit mal) Correct Answers "daydreaming"
10-20sec
no prodromal period, LOC, or postictal period
aware before and after, not during
often in kids, but can outgrow
acanthosis nigricans Correct Answers darkened skin mainly at
creases from increased insulin
acute (life threatening) complications Correct Answers type 1 -
DKA = low pH
type 2 - (rare) HHNKS = >600mg/dl glucose
alpha and beta cells balance each other out
what happens when beta cells stop working? Correct Answers
X insulin or amylin
no balance
hyperglycemia
amylin Correct Answers hey, that's enough sugar!
w insulin (lower blood glucose)
stims satiety
,inhibits glucagon
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Correct Answers
atrophy/degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons
uncontrolled deterioration of body
LMN degeneration = muscle wasting
UMN degeneration = later sclerosis
cause - idiopathic /multifactorial, glutamate? (neurotransmitter
stays in neuron too long, damaging it)
M>F, 40-60
S/S - fatigue, atrophy, weakness/cramps/spasms - dysarthria and
dysphagia, spastic/flaccid paralysis, resp infections, no
intellectual or sensory impact
Dx - MRI, conduction tests
Tx - riluzole - slows progression, not a cure
Ballismus/Hemiballismus Correct Answers involuntary
flinging
basal ganglia (brain) Correct Answers subconscious muscle
movement, coordinates known movements like walking,
smooths voluntary muscles
caffeine role in treating migraines Correct Answers depresses
sleepiness - reduces fatigue
(adenosine = vasodilator)
inhibits ^ = promotes vasoconstriction
dopamine :) = happier
epinephrin = energy
, cerebellum Correct Answers learning harder motor
movements, balance/coordination
alcohol affects neurons of cerebellum
chorea and athetosis Correct Answers Sudden jerky
movements or slow writhing movements from basal ganglia
lesion in Huntington's
chronic complications Correct Answers microvascular
macrovascular
cluster headaches Correct Answers least common - most severe
SEVERE PAIN around or behind eye
cause - they think dysfunction of CN V or hypothalamus
M>F, 20-50yrs
S/S - unilateral, may alternate, tearing, runny nose, eye swelling
and drooping, cyclical patterns (cluster) up to 8 attacks/day
(mins-hrs)
"suicide headaches"
Tx - blindfold, increased O2
high blood flow to area AFTER the pain
complex partial seizure Correct Answers electrical disturbance
of whole lobe
all stages - awake but altered consciousness and unresponsive
aura, memory loss, postictal confusion: hours
several mins
MCC - trauma or infection
automatic purposeless behaviors: lip smacking, clothe picking,
chewing, emotional outbursts
Ddx - drunk, drugs, aggression
