Biology 1330: Exam 3 Review Bergh
Texas State Test Questions And 100%
Actual Answers 2026 Updated.
Cell division is the process of dividing a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. How is the
process different in sexual versus asexual reproduction? - Answer SEXUAL
•Sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms occurs when offspring are produced by the fusion
of gametes (sperm and eggs) from two adult.
•In Meiosis, cells reproductive system undergo a specialized type of cell division.
•They have exactly half the genetic information of their parent cells.
•Sexual reproduction results in offspring that have chromosome complements unlike those of
their siblings or their parents.
ASEXUAL
•Reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single parent, without having a sperm
fertilize an egg, is called asexual reproduction.
•Asexual reproduction in eukaryotes is based on mitosis. The chromosomes in cells produced by
mitosis are identical to the chromosomes in the parental cell.
•Because mitosis is the only cell division involved in asexual reproduction, asexually produced
offspring are clones—or exact genetic copies—of their parent.
What is apoptosis and how is it different from cell division? - Answer •Mitosis adds new cells
through cell division, while apoptosis (cell death) removes them, allowing tissues to renew
themselves.
•Apoptosis carves out distinctive structures.
What is the first step in all cell division processes? - Answer ??
Be able to explain the process of binary fission. - Answer •In prokaryotes, reproduction
occurs by binary fission, an asexual process that replicates DNA and distributes it to two
daughter cells.
STEP 1
•Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome.
STEP 2
•As the cell prepares to divide, DNA replicates and attaches to the cell membrane.
,STEP 3
•The cell membrane grows between the two DNA molecules.
STEP 4
•The cell divides in half, forming two daughter cells, each identical to the original.
What is the difference between chromosome, chromatid, and chromatin? When in the cell cycle
will you find each one? - Answer CHROMOSOME
•Gene-carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double-stranded DNA and
associated proteins (e.g., histones).
•Most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells contain multiple
noncircular (linear) chromosomes located in the nucleus.
CHROMATID
•One of the two identical double-stranded DNAs that are connected at the centromere and
compose a replicated chromosome.
CHROMATIN
•The complex of DNA and proteins, mainly histones, that compose eukaryotic chromosomes.
•Can be highly compact or loosely coiled.
•During interphase, the chromatin of each chromosome is in a "relaxed" or less condensed
state, forming long, thin strands
When DNA is packaged as a chromatid, what is the function of the centromere and telomeres?
What is a karyotype? - Answer •Once mitosis begins, however, these connections are
removed except for those at a specialized region of the chromosome called the centromere.
Chromatid copies that remain attached at their centromere are referred to as sister chromatids.
•The telomere is the end of a linear chromosome that contains a repeated sequence of DNA.
•A karyotype is the number of chromosomes and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the
cell nuclei of an organism or species.
Define homologous chromosome: - Answer •Chromosomes that contain the same genes are
called homologous chromosomes
Define sister chromatid: - Answer •Chromatid copies that remain attached at their
centromere are referred to as sister chromatids.
Haploid v. Diploid: - Answer •In diploid (2n) organisms, individuals have two versions of each
type of chromosome. The two versions are called homologs. One homolog is inherited from the
mother and one from the father. •Haploid organisms (n) have just one of each type of
chromosome.
, Define autosome: - Answer •Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome (i.e., any
chromosome other than the X or Y in mammals).
Define sex chromosomes: - Answer •This is the same situation as in mammals. The X and Y
chromosomes are called sex chromosomes and are associated with an individual's sex.
If given the number of chromosomes in any give stage of the cell cycle, can you tell me the
diploid number? If there are 40 chromosomes in G2, what is the diploid number? - Answer
•80
When does mitosis occur and what is the outcome of mitosis (how many chromosomes, etc)? -
Answer •Mitosis occurs after Interphase
•M phase consists of mitosis (or meiosis), when chromosomes separate, and cytokinesis, when
the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
What are the stages and general activities of each step of the cell cycle? How does mitosis differ
from the cell cycle? - Answer •The cell cycle involves four phases: M phase and an interphase
consisting of the G1, S, and G2 phases.
Why do the gap phases exist? - Answer •In multicellular organisms, cells perform their
functional roles mostly during G1 phase. G1 is also the period when the cell "decides" to begin
replication and transitions to S phase.
•Before mitosis can take place, a cell uses G2 phase to prepare for M phase.
•The time spent in both G1 and G2 allows the cell to grow and replicate organelles so it will be
able to divide into two cells that can function normally.
Be able to describe, in detail, what is occurring in the five steps of mitosis (prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis). For our purposes, include
cytokinesis as part of telophase. - Answer PROPHASE
•Replicated chromosomes condense
•Sister chromatids are visible
•Mitotic spindle is forming
•Centrosomes move to opposite ends
•Nuclear envelope is present
PROMETAPHASE
•Nuclear envelope breaks down
•Spindle fibers reach chromosomes and contact kinetochores
Texas State Test Questions And 100%
Actual Answers 2026 Updated.
Cell division is the process of dividing a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. How is the
process different in sexual versus asexual reproduction? - Answer SEXUAL
•Sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms occurs when offspring are produced by the fusion
of gametes (sperm and eggs) from two adult.
•In Meiosis, cells reproductive system undergo a specialized type of cell division.
•They have exactly half the genetic information of their parent cells.
•Sexual reproduction results in offspring that have chromosome complements unlike those of
their siblings or their parents.
ASEXUAL
•Reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single parent, without having a sperm
fertilize an egg, is called asexual reproduction.
•Asexual reproduction in eukaryotes is based on mitosis. The chromosomes in cells produced by
mitosis are identical to the chromosomes in the parental cell.
•Because mitosis is the only cell division involved in asexual reproduction, asexually produced
offspring are clones—or exact genetic copies—of their parent.
What is apoptosis and how is it different from cell division? - Answer •Mitosis adds new cells
through cell division, while apoptosis (cell death) removes them, allowing tissues to renew
themselves.
•Apoptosis carves out distinctive structures.
What is the first step in all cell division processes? - Answer ??
Be able to explain the process of binary fission. - Answer •In prokaryotes, reproduction
occurs by binary fission, an asexual process that replicates DNA and distributes it to two
daughter cells.
STEP 1
•Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome.
STEP 2
•As the cell prepares to divide, DNA replicates and attaches to the cell membrane.
,STEP 3
•The cell membrane grows between the two DNA molecules.
STEP 4
•The cell divides in half, forming two daughter cells, each identical to the original.
What is the difference between chromosome, chromatid, and chromatin? When in the cell cycle
will you find each one? - Answer CHROMOSOME
•Gene-carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double-stranded DNA and
associated proteins (e.g., histones).
•Most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells contain multiple
noncircular (linear) chromosomes located in the nucleus.
CHROMATID
•One of the two identical double-stranded DNAs that are connected at the centromere and
compose a replicated chromosome.
CHROMATIN
•The complex of DNA and proteins, mainly histones, that compose eukaryotic chromosomes.
•Can be highly compact or loosely coiled.
•During interphase, the chromatin of each chromosome is in a "relaxed" or less condensed
state, forming long, thin strands
When DNA is packaged as a chromatid, what is the function of the centromere and telomeres?
What is a karyotype? - Answer •Once mitosis begins, however, these connections are
removed except for those at a specialized region of the chromosome called the centromere.
Chromatid copies that remain attached at their centromere are referred to as sister chromatids.
•The telomere is the end of a linear chromosome that contains a repeated sequence of DNA.
•A karyotype is the number of chromosomes and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the
cell nuclei of an organism or species.
Define homologous chromosome: - Answer •Chromosomes that contain the same genes are
called homologous chromosomes
Define sister chromatid: - Answer •Chromatid copies that remain attached at their
centromere are referred to as sister chromatids.
Haploid v. Diploid: - Answer •In diploid (2n) organisms, individuals have two versions of each
type of chromosome. The two versions are called homologs. One homolog is inherited from the
mother and one from the father. •Haploid organisms (n) have just one of each type of
chromosome.
, Define autosome: - Answer •Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome (i.e., any
chromosome other than the X or Y in mammals).
Define sex chromosomes: - Answer •This is the same situation as in mammals. The X and Y
chromosomes are called sex chromosomes and are associated with an individual's sex.
If given the number of chromosomes in any give stage of the cell cycle, can you tell me the
diploid number? If there are 40 chromosomes in G2, what is the diploid number? - Answer
•80
When does mitosis occur and what is the outcome of mitosis (how many chromosomes, etc)? -
Answer •Mitosis occurs after Interphase
•M phase consists of mitosis (or meiosis), when chromosomes separate, and cytokinesis, when
the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
What are the stages and general activities of each step of the cell cycle? How does mitosis differ
from the cell cycle? - Answer •The cell cycle involves four phases: M phase and an interphase
consisting of the G1, S, and G2 phases.
Why do the gap phases exist? - Answer •In multicellular organisms, cells perform their
functional roles mostly during G1 phase. G1 is also the period when the cell "decides" to begin
replication and transitions to S phase.
•Before mitosis can take place, a cell uses G2 phase to prepare for M phase.
•The time spent in both G1 and G2 allows the cell to grow and replicate organelles so it will be
able to divide into two cells that can function normally.
Be able to describe, in detail, what is occurring in the five steps of mitosis (prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase/cytokinesis). For our purposes, include
cytokinesis as part of telophase. - Answer PROPHASE
•Replicated chromosomes condense
•Sister chromatids are visible
•Mitotic spindle is forming
•Centrosomes move to opposite ends
•Nuclear envelope is present
PROMETAPHASE
•Nuclear envelope breaks down
•Spindle fibers reach chromosomes and contact kinetochores
