Biology 1330: Exam 2 Texas Review
Bergh Latest Exam with Actual
Answers 2026.
What are the three principles that are the foundation of the cell theory? - Answer -All
organisms are made up of one or more cells
-The cell is the fundamental unit of life
-All cells come from pre-existing cells
What three modern additions have been made to the cell theory? - Answer -All cells have the
same basic chemical composition
-All cells use energy
-All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on as each cell divides
Compare the structure of prokaryotic cells to that of eukaryotic cells. What cell components do
you find in bacteria? - Answer PROKARYOTES:
-Structures common to most, if not all, prokaryotes are ribosomes, a cell wall, a plasma
membrane, an interior cytoskeleton, and a nucleoid.
-Many prokaryotes also possess flagella, fimbriae, and internal membrane structures, some of
which are considered organelles.
EUKARYOTES:
-Eukaryotic cells are usually much larger and more structurally complex than prokaryotic cells.
Because it eats bacteria and archcaea, the cell increases in diameter, its volume increases more
than its surface area.
-Eukaryotic cells contain numerous specialized organelles that compartmentalize the cytoplasm
and enable the cells to grow to a large size. Common eukaryotic organelles are as follows:
-The nucleus
-The endomembrane system
-Peroxisomes
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts
nucleus - Answer - has a double membrane with nuclear pores
- contains chromosomes, nucleolus and nuclear lamine
- function: info storage and transmission; ribosome subunit assembly; structural support
,Ribosomes - Answer - no membrane
- contains complex of RNA and proteins
- function: protein synthesis
Endocrine system - Answer 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. golgi apparatus
4. lysosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer - has receptors for entry of proteins
- contains a network of branching sacs and ribosomes
- function: protein synthesis and processing
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Answer - contains enzymes for synthesizing (breaking down)
phospholipids
- function: lipid synthesis and processing; Metabolizes carbohydrates; Detoxifies poison; Stores
calcium
golgi apparatus - Answer - contains receptors for products of rough ER
- has a stack of flattened, distinct cisternae
- function: protein, lipid, and carb processing
lysosomes - Answer - contains proton pumps
- acid hydrolases (catalyze hydrolysis reactions)
- function: digestion and recycling
vacuoles - Answer - contains transporters for molecules
- components vary: carbs, water, pigment, oils, toxins or hydrolases
peroxisomes - Answer - contains transporters for selected macromolecules
- has enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions
- function: oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol or other compounds. also they produce hydrogen
peroxide as a by-product of their metabolic processes
mitochondria - Answer - double membrane; inner part contains enzymes for ATP production
(they harvest energy from molecules to make ATP)
, - function: ATP production
chloroplasts - Answer - double membrane and membrane bound sacs in the interior
- contains pigments and enzymes that use light energy to make sugars
- function: production of sugars via photosynthesis
cytoskeleton - Answer - no membrane
- has actin filaments; intermediate filaments; and microtubles
- function: structural support
plasma membrane - Answer - contains transport and receptor proteins (in the phospholipid
bilayer)
- function: selective permeability: maintains intracellular environment
What 4 traits are shared among all cells? - Answer -Genetic material
-Ribosomes
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
What is the general structure and function of the plasma membrane? How does a plasma
membrane differ from a cell wall? - Answer PLASMA MEMBRANE
-The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
-It creates an internal environment that is distinct from the outside non-living environment for
archaea and bacteria.
CELL WALL:
-A fibrous layer found outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archaea and many
eukaryotes.
THE PHOSPHOLIPID COMPONENTS OF ARCHAEAL AND BACTERIAL MEMBRANES DIFFER IN
STRUCTURE!!! - Answer BACTERIA
-Bacterial phospholipids consist of fatty acids bound to glycerol.
ARCHAEA
-Archaeal phospholipids use highly branched isoprenoid chains bound to glycerol. These
molecules also vary in the types of linkages used to form the phospholipids and the length of
the hydrocarbon chains.
Bergh Latest Exam with Actual
Answers 2026.
What are the three principles that are the foundation of the cell theory? - Answer -All
organisms are made up of one or more cells
-The cell is the fundamental unit of life
-All cells come from pre-existing cells
What three modern additions have been made to the cell theory? - Answer -All cells have the
same basic chemical composition
-All cells use energy
-All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on as each cell divides
Compare the structure of prokaryotic cells to that of eukaryotic cells. What cell components do
you find in bacteria? - Answer PROKARYOTES:
-Structures common to most, if not all, prokaryotes are ribosomes, a cell wall, a plasma
membrane, an interior cytoskeleton, and a nucleoid.
-Many prokaryotes also possess flagella, fimbriae, and internal membrane structures, some of
which are considered organelles.
EUKARYOTES:
-Eukaryotic cells are usually much larger and more structurally complex than prokaryotic cells.
Because it eats bacteria and archcaea, the cell increases in diameter, its volume increases more
than its surface area.
-Eukaryotic cells contain numerous specialized organelles that compartmentalize the cytoplasm
and enable the cells to grow to a large size. Common eukaryotic organelles are as follows:
-The nucleus
-The endomembrane system
-Peroxisomes
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts
nucleus - Answer - has a double membrane with nuclear pores
- contains chromosomes, nucleolus and nuclear lamine
- function: info storage and transmission; ribosome subunit assembly; structural support
,Ribosomes - Answer - no membrane
- contains complex of RNA and proteins
- function: protein synthesis
Endocrine system - Answer 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3. golgi apparatus
4. lysosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer - has receptors for entry of proteins
- contains a network of branching sacs and ribosomes
- function: protein synthesis and processing
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Answer - contains enzymes for synthesizing (breaking down)
phospholipids
- function: lipid synthesis and processing; Metabolizes carbohydrates; Detoxifies poison; Stores
calcium
golgi apparatus - Answer - contains receptors for products of rough ER
- has a stack of flattened, distinct cisternae
- function: protein, lipid, and carb processing
lysosomes - Answer - contains proton pumps
- acid hydrolases (catalyze hydrolysis reactions)
- function: digestion and recycling
vacuoles - Answer - contains transporters for molecules
- components vary: carbs, water, pigment, oils, toxins or hydrolases
peroxisomes - Answer - contains transporters for selected macromolecules
- has enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions
- function: oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol or other compounds. also they produce hydrogen
peroxide as a by-product of their metabolic processes
mitochondria - Answer - double membrane; inner part contains enzymes for ATP production
(they harvest energy from molecules to make ATP)
, - function: ATP production
chloroplasts - Answer - double membrane and membrane bound sacs in the interior
- contains pigments and enzymes that use light energy to make sugars
- function: production of sugars via photosynthesis
cytoskeleton - Answer - no membrane
- has actin filaments; intermediate filaments; and microtubles
- function: structural support
plasma membrane - Answer - contains transport and receptor proteins (in the phospholipid
bilayer)
- function: selective permeability: maintains intracellular environment
What 4 traits are shared among all cells? - Answer -Genetic material
-Ribosomes
-Cytoplasm
-Cell membrane
What is the general structure and function of the plasma membrane? How does a plasma
membrane differ from a cell wall? - Answer PLASMA MEMBRANE
-The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
-It creates an internal environment that is distinct from the outside non-living environment for
archaea and bacteria.
CELL WALL:
-A fibrous layer found outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archaea and many
eukaryotes.
THE PHOSPHOLIPID COMPONENTS OF ARCHAEAL AND BACTERIAL MEMBRANES DIFFER IN
STRUCTURE!!! - Answer BACTERIA
-Bacterial phospholipids consist of fatty acids bound to glycerol.
ARCHAEA
-Archaeal phospholipids use highly branched isoprenoid chains bound to glycerol. These
molecules also vary in the types of linkages used to form the phospholipids and the length of
the hydrocarbon chains.
