NSG 530 Advanced Pathophysiology
Review Packet
Exams 1–4 Original Practice
Questions, Answers, and Rationales
Wilkes | 2026/2027 | PDF-Ready
Study Guide
1. Cellular Adaptation
Question: Which cellular adaptation occurs when skeletal muscle increases in size
after regular weight training?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer : C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, leading to enlargement of the tissue
or organ.
2. Cellular Injury
Question: A lack of oxygen to tissues most directly causes cell injury by impairing:
, A. DNA transcription
B. ATP production
C. Lysosomal storage
D. Protein folding in the Golgi apparatus
Answer : B. ATP production
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, reducing ATP
production and impairing cell function.
3. Inflammation
Question: Which finding is most characteristic of acute inflammation?
A. Fibrosis
B. Granuloma formation
C. Neutrophil predominance
D. Extensive scar tissue remodeling
Answer : C. Neutrophil predominance
Rationale: Acute inflammation is typically marked by vasodilation, increased
permeability, and neutrophil migration.
4. Apoptosis
Question: Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without major inflammation
C. Cell enlargement in response to stress
Review Packet
Exams 1–4 Original Practice
Questions, Answers, and Rationales
Wilkes | 2026/2027 | PDF-Ready
Study Guide
1. Cellular Adaptation
Question: Which cellular adaptation occurs when skeletal muscle increases in size
after regular weight training?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer : C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, leading to enlargement of the tissue
or organ.
2. Cellular Injury
Question: A lack of oxygen to tissues most directly causes cell injury by impairing:
, A. DNA transcription
B. ATP production
C. Lysosomal storage
D. Protein folding in the Golgi apparatus
Answer : B. ATP production
Rationale: Hypoxia decreases oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, reducing ATP
production and impairing cell function.
3. Inflammation
Question: Which finding is most characteristic of acute inflammation?
A. Fibrosis
B. Granuloma formation
C. Neutrophil predominance
D. Extensive scar tissue remodeling
Answer : C. Neutrophil predominance
Rationale: Acute inflammation is typically marked by vasodilation, increased
permeability, and neutrophil migration.
4. Apoptosis
Question: Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without major inflammation
C. Cell enlargement in response to stress
