2026/2027
NSG 530 Exam 1 Advanced
Pathophysiology 2026/2027 Wilkes
University Detailed Review Notes,
Practice Questions, and Evidence-
Based Clinical Concepts Study Guide
Question 1:
Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?
A. an inherited disorder
B. a combination of specific etiologic factors
C. an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
D. prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
Correct Answer: C. an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
Rationale:
Iatrogenic diseases are conditions that occur as a result of medical treatment or
intervention. The most common cause is adverse drug reactions, meaning an
unwanted or harmful effect of a prescribed medication. Inherited disorders and
environmental toxins are unrelated to medical care, while combinations of etiologic
factors relate to disease development but not directly to treatment-induced conditions.
Question 2:
The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:
A. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness
B. signs and symptoms of a disease
C. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness
D. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection
Correct Answer: B. signs and symptoms of a disease
Rationale:
Manifestations refer to all observable and subjective evidence of disease, including
both signs (objective findings) and symptoms (subjective experiences). While
discomfort and prodromal signs may be included, they do not fully define
manifestations.
,2026/2027
Question 3:
The best definition of prognosis is the:
A. precipitating factors causing an acute episode
B. number of remissions in chronic illness
C. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
D. exacerbations occurring during illness
Correct Answer: C. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
Rationale:
Prognosis refers to the expected outcome of a disease, including chances of recovery
or progression. It does not describe triggers, disease episodes, or frequency of
remission.
Question 4:
Which is a systemic sign of disease?
A. swelling of the knee
B. fever
C. neck pain
D. facial rash
Correct Answer: B. fever
Rationale:
Systemic signs affect the entire body rather than a localized area. Fever reflects
whole-body immune activation, while swelling, pain, and rash are localized findings.
Question 5:
Etiology is the study of:
A. causes of disease
B. course of disease
C. complications
D. manifestations
Correct Answer: A. causes of disease
Rationale:
Etiology focuses on the origin or cause of disease, including biological,
environmental, or genetic factors.
,2026/2027
Question 6:
Hypertrophy of the heart refers to:
A. increase in cell size
B. increase in cell number
C. cell replacement
D. decrease in cell size
Correct Answer: A. increase in cell size
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is enlargement of cells, not an increase in number (hyperplasia). Cardiac
hypertrophy commonly occurs due to increased workload.
Question 7:
A tissue change with variation in size, shape, and abnormal mitosis is:
A. metaplasia
B. atrophy
C. dysplasia
D. hypertrophy
Correct Answer: C. dysplasia
Rationale:
Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth and structural variation, often considered
precancerous.
Question 8:
Cell death in a group of cells is called:
A. ischemia
B. gangrene
C. hypoxia
D. necrosis
Correct Answer: D. necrosis
Rationale:
Necrosis refers to irreversible cell death due to injury or disease.
Question 9:
, 2026/2027
Lack of exercise during illness causes:
A. hypertrophy
B. dysplasia
C. atrophy
D. regeneration
Correct Answer: C. atrophy
Rationale:
Atrophy is shrinkage of tissues due to disuse or reduced activity.
Question 10:
Cancer refers to:
A. dysplasia
B. hyperplasia
C. metaplasia
D. malignant neoplasm
Correct Answer: D. malignant neoplasm
Rationale:
Cancer is uncontrolled, invasive malignant tumor growth.
Question 11:
Apoptosis is:
A. cell mitosis increase
B. ischemic injury
C. tissue liquefaction
D. programmed cell death
Correct Answer: D. programmed cell death
Rationale:
Apoptosis is a controlled, natural process of cell self-destruction.
Question 12:
Damaged cells may:
A. never recover
B. always die
NSG 530 Exam 1 Advanced
Pathophysiology 2026/2027 Wilkes
University Detailed Review Notes,
Practice Questions, and Evidence-
Based Clinical Concepts Study Guide
Question 1:
Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?
A. an inherited disorder
B. a combination of specific etiologic factors
C. an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
D. prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
Correct Answer: C. an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
Rationale:
Iatrogenic diseases are conditions that occur as a result of medical treatment or
intervention. The most common cause is adverse drug reactions, meaning an
unwanted or harmful effect of a prescribed medication. Inherited disorders and
environmental toxins are unrelated to medical care, while combinations of etiologic
factors relate to disease development but not directly to treatment-induced conditions.
Question 2:
The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the:
A. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness
B. signs and symptoms of a disease
C. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness
D. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection
Correct Answer: B. signs and symptoms of a disease
Rationale:
Manifestations refer to all observable and subjective evidence of disease, including
both signs (objective findings) and symptoms (subjective experiences). While
discomfort and prodromal signs may be included, they do not fully define
manifestations.
,2026/2027
Question 3:
The best definition of prognosis is the:
A. precipitating factors causing an acute episode
B. number of remissions in chronic illness
C. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
D. exacerbations occurring during illness
Correct Answer: C. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery
Rationale:
Prognosis refers to the expected outcome of a disease, including chances of recovery
or progression. It does not describe triggers, disease episodes, or frequency of
remission.
Question 4:
Which is a systemic sign of disease?
A. swelling of the knee
B. fever
C. neck pain
D. facial rash
Correct Answer: B. fever
Rationale:
Systemic signs affect the entire body rather than a localized area. Fever reflects
whole-body immune activation, while swelling, pain, and rash are localized findings.
Question 5:
Etiology is the study of:
A. causes of disease
B. course of disease
C. complications
D. manifestations
Correct Answer: A. causes of disease
Rationale:
Etiology focuses on the origin or cause of disease, including biological,
environmental, or genetic factors.
,2026/2027
Question 6:
Hypertrophy of the heart refers to:
A. increase in cell size
B. increase in cell number
C. cell replacement
D. decrease in cell size
Correct Answer: A. increase in cell size
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is enlargement of cells, not an increase in number (hyperplasia). Cardiac
hypertrophy commonly occurs due to increased workload.
Question 7:
A tissue change with variation in size, shape, and abnormal mitosis is:
A. metaplasia
B. atrophy
C. dysplasia
D. hypertrophy
Correct Answer: C. dysplasia
Rationale:
Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth and structural variation, often considered
precancerous.
Question 8:
Cell death in a group of cells is called:
A. ischemia
B. gangrene
C. hypoxia
D. necrosis
Correct Answer: D. necrosis
Rationale:
Necrosis refers to irreversible cell death due to injury or disease.
Question 9:
, 2026/2027
Lack of exercise during illness causes:
A. hypertrophy
B. dysplasia
C. atrophy
D. regeneration
Correct Answer: C. atrophy
Rationale:
Atrophy is shrinkage of tissues due to disuse or reduced activity.
Question 10:
Cancer refers to:
A. dysplasia
B. hyperplasia
C. metaplasia
D. malignant neoplasm
Correct Answer: D. malignant neoplasm
Rationale:
Cancer is uncontrolled, invasive malignant tumor growth.
Question 11:
Apoptosis is:
A. cell mitosis increase
B. ischemic injury
C. tissue liquefaction
D. programmed cell death
Correct Answer: D. programmed cell death
Rationale:
Apoptosis is a controlled, natural process of cell self-destruction.
Question 12:
Damaged cells may:
A. never recover
B. always die
