VBS 2032 Exam II Questions With Complete Solutions
1st generation vs next generation sequencing Correct Answers
1st: first draft of a human genome published, 15 years invested,
costs $3 billion; Next: 45 human genomes, 1 year invested, costs
$1,000/genome.
1st vs 2nd response Correct Answers 2nd response is faster
with more antibodies produced
16S rRNA Correct Answers Amplified, like a molecular
barcode, highly conserved, similar across species.
Additions or deletions Correct Answers Change the reading
frame of the DNA sequence.
Alexander Fleming Correct Answers Identified Penicillium
mold that excretes a compound toxic to Staphylococcus.
AMR genes Correct Answers 1. Drugs can't enter the cell -
outer membrane changes so they cannot get in, 2. drugs are
pumped out of the cell (efflux pumps), 3. enzymes inactivate
drug (B-lactamases degrade various B-lactam drugs), 4. host
target is mutated (changes shape) so that drugs cannot bind.
AMR spread Correct Answers Through human contact,
animals to humans, environment, soil and water, plasmid with
disinfectants, form endospores and persist, travels with staff and
they can become carriers.
,Antibiotic Correct Answers Low molecular weight substance
produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other
microorganisms.
Antibodies Correct Answers Proteins produced by the immune
system to identify and neutralize pathogens.
Antimicrobial drug Correct Answers Any substance that
inhibits or kills microorganisms without harming the host.
Autoimmune disease Correct Answers Condition where the
immune system damages its own cells
B cell activation Correct Answers Th and dendritic cells help B
cells divide, differentiate, and produce antibodies
Bacteriophages Correct Answers Viruses that infect and
replicate within bacteria.
Base substitutions Correct Answers Genetic mutation where
one base is incorrectly exchanged for another during DNA
replication.
Bivalent antibody Correct Answers Antibody molecule with
two identical antigen-binding sites
C. diff Correct Answers A bacterium that causes inflammation
of the colon (colitis), it is a common cause of antibiotic
associated diarrhea, and can lead to severe health problems.
, Cancer cell recognition Correct Answers T cells recognize
cancerous cells by detecting abnormal markers
Capsules Correct Answers Produced by smooth strains, helping
bacteria evade the host's immune system.
Cardinal signs of inflammation Correct Answers Redness,
swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
Chain terminators Correct Answers Prevent a growing DNA
strand from extending further by lacking the necessary 3'
hydroxyl group to form a phosphodiester bond.
Chemotaxis Correct Answers The movement of cells toward a
chemical stimulus.
Clonal selection and expansion Correct Answers Antigen
encounter leads to selective activation and cell division
Co-selection Correct Answers One antimicrobial agent, such as
heavy metal, selects for resistance to a different agent, like an
antibiotic.
Complement activation pathways Correct Answers Alternative
pathway, lectin pathway, classical pathway.
Complement system Correct Answers A group of proteins that
defend against pathogens by killing them and tagging them.
Complementary proteins Correct Answers
Anaphylotoxins/inflammatory mediators such as C3a and C5a
1st generation vs next generation sequencing Correct Answers
1st: first draft of a human genome published, 15 years invested,
costs $3 billion; Next: 45 human genomes, 1 year invested, costs
$1,000/genome.
1st vs 2nd response Correct Answers 2nd response is faster
with more antibodies produced
16S rRNA Correct Answers Amplified, like a molecular
barcode, highly conserved, similar across species.
Additions or deletions Correct Answers Change the reading
frame of the DNA sequence.
Alexander Fleming Correct Answers Identified Penicillium
mold that excretes a compound toxic to Staphylococcus.
AMR genes Correct Answers 1. Drugs can't enter the cell -
outer membrane changes so they cannot get in, 2. drugs are
pumped out of the cell (efflux pumps), 3. enzymes inactivate
drug (B-lactamases degrade various B-lactam drugs), 4. host
target is mutated (changes shape) so that drugs cannot bind.
AMR spread Correct Answers Through human contact,
animals to humans, environment, soil and water, plasmid with
disinfectants, form endospores and persist, travels with staff and
they can become carriers.
,Antibiotic Correct Answers Low molecular weight substance
produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other
microorganisms.
Antibodies Correct Answers Proteins produced by the immune
system to identify and neutralize pathogens.
Antimicrobial drug Correct Answers Any substance that
inhibits or kills microorganisms without harming the host.
Autoimmune disease Correct Answers Condition where the
immune system damages its own cells
B cell activation Correct Answers Th and dendritic cells help B
cells divide, differentiate, and produce antibodies
Bacteriophages Correct Answers Viruses that infect and
replicate within bacteria.
Base substitutions Correct Answers Genetic mutation where
one base is incorrectly exchanged for another during DNA
replication.
Bivalent antibody Correct Answers Antibody molecule with
two identical antigen-binding sites
C. diff Correct Answers A bacterium that causes inflammation
of the colon (colitis), it is a common cause of antibiotic
associated diarrhea, and can lead to severe health problems.
, Cancer cell recognition Correct Answers T cells recognize
cancerous cells by detecting abnormal markers
Capsules Correct Answers Produced by smooth strains, helping
bacteria evade the host's immune system.
Cardinal signs of inflammation Correct Answers Redness,
swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
Chain terminators Correct Answers Prevent a growing DNA
strand from extending further by lacking the necessary 3'
hydroxyl group to form a phosphodiester bond.
Chemotaxis Correct Answers The movement of cells toward a
chemical stimulus.
Clonal selection and expansion Correct Answers Antigen
encounter leads to selective activation and cell division
Co-selection Correct Answers One antimicrobial agent, such as
heavy metal, selects for resistance to a different agent, like an
antibiotic.
Complement activation pathways Correct Answers Alternative
pathway, lectin pathway, classical pathway.
Complement system Correct Answers A group of proteins that
defend against pathogens by killing them and tagging them.
Complementary proteins Correct Answers
Anaphylotoxins/inflammatory mediators such as C3a and C5a
