GEORGIA MILESTONES BIOLOGY EOC
ASSESSMENT GUIDE 2026 | COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE TESTS, REVIEW
QUESTIONS, DETAILED ANSWERS & END-
OF-COURSE EXAM PREP
• This 200-question practice guide mirrors the Georgia Milestones Biology EOC
format, covering every testable domain with exam-style questions, highlighted
correct answers, and detailed EXPERT RATIONALE to reinforce understanding.
• Use this material by working through each question independently before
checking the answer — focus on EXPERT RATIONALE for questions you miss, and
revisit weak topic areas before your exam date.
1. What is the basic unit of life?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organism
E. Molecule
Correct Answer: C. Cell
EXPERT RATIONALE: The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all
living organisms. All life is composed of one or more cells, making it the basic unit
of life.
2. Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
,E. Mitochondria
Correct Answer: E.
Mitochondria EXPERT RATIONALE: The mitochondria carry out cellular
respiration, converting glucose and oxygen into ATP — the cell's primary energy
currency.
3. What process do plants use to convert sunlight into chemical energy?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Transpiration
D. Photosynthesis
E. Digestion
Correct Answer: D.
Photosynthesis EXPERT RATIONALE: Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and
uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
4. Which molecule carries genetic information in most organisms?
A. RNA
B. ATP
C. Protein
D. Lipid
E. DNA
Correct Answer: E. DNA
EXPERT RATIONALE: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the genetic blueprint of
an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
,5. What is the term for organisms that make their own food?
A. Heterotrophs
B. Decomposers
C. Consumers
D. Carnivores
E. Autotrophs
Correct Answer: E. Autotrophs
EXPERT RATIONALE: Autotrophs, such as plants and algae, produce their own
food using sunlight or chemicals, forming the base of most food chains.
6. Which phase of mitosis involves chromosomes aligning at the cell's
equator?
A. Prophase
B. Telophase
C. Anaphase
D. Cytokinesis
E. Metaphase
Correct Answer: E. Metaphase
EXPERT RATIONALE: During metaphase, chromosomes line up along the
metaphase plate (cell's equator), allowing spindle fibers to attach to each chromatid
for equal separation.
7. What is the monomer of proteins?
A. Nucleotide
, B. Fatty acid
C. Monosaccharide
D. Glycerol
E. Amino acid
Correct Answer: E. Amino acid
EXPERT RATIONALE: Proteins are polymers made of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein's structure and
function.
8. Which type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA double helix together?
A. Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Peptide bond
D. Ester bond
E. Hydrogen bond
Correct Answer: E. Hydrogen bond
EXPERT RATIONALE: Hydrogen bonds form between complementary nitrogenous
bases (A–T and G–C), holding the two strands of the DNA double helix together.
9. What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?
A. Energy production
B. DNA replication
C. Lipid synthesis
D. Waste removal
E. Protein synthesis
ASSESSMENT GUIDE 2026 | COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE TESTS, REVIEW
QUESTIONS, DETAILED ANSWERS & END-
OF-COURSE EXAM PREP
• This 200-question practice guide mirrors the Georgia Milestones Biology EOC
format, covering every testable domain with exam-style questions, highlighted
correct answers, and detailed EXPERT RATIONALE to reinforce understanding.
• Use this material by working through each question independently before
checking the answer — focus on EXPERT RATIONALE for questions you miss, and
revisit weak topic areas before your exam date.
1. What is the basic unit of life?
A. Tissue
B. Organ
C. Cell
D. Organism
E. Molecule
Correct Answer: C. Cell
EXPERT RATIONALE: The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all
living organisms. All life is composed of one or more cells, making it the basic unit
of life.
2. Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
,E. Mitochondria
Correct Answer: E.
Mitochondria EXPERT RATIONALE: The mitochondria carry out cellular
respiration, converting glucose and oxygen into ATP — the cell's primary energy
currency.
3. What process do plants use to convert sunlight into chemical energy?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Fermentation
C. Transpiration
D. Photosynthesis
E. Digestion
Correct Answer: D.
Photosynthesis EXPERT RATIONALE: Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and
uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
4. Which molecule carries genetic information in most organisms?
A. RNA
B. ATP
C. Protein
D. Lipid
E. DNA
Correct Answer: E. DNA
EXPERT RATIONALE: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the genetic blueprint of
an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
,5. What is the term for organisms that make their own food?
A. Heterotrophs
B. Decomposers
C. Consumers
D. Carnivores
E. Autotrophs
Correct Answer: E. Autotrophs
EXPERT RATIONALE: Autotrophs, such as plants and algae, produce their own
food using sunlight or chemicals, forming the base of most food chains.
6. Which phase of mitosis involves chromosomes aligning at the cell's
equator?
A. Prophase
B. Telophase
C. Anaphase
D. Cytokinesis
E. Metaphase
Correct Answer: E. Metaphase
EXPERT RATIONALE: During metaphase, chromosomes line up along the
metaphase plate (cell's equator), allowing spindle fibers to attach to each chromatid
for equal separation.
7. What is the monomer of proteins?
A. Nucleotide
, B. Fatty acid
C. Monosaccharide
D. Glycerol
E. Amino acid
Correct Answer: E. Amino acid
EXPERT RATIONALE: Proteins are polymers made of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein's structure and
function.
8. Which type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA double helix together?
A. Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Peptide bond
D. Ester bond
E. Hydrogen bond
Correct Answer: E. Hydrogen bond
EXPERT RATIONALE: Hydrogen bonds form between complementary nitrogenous
bases (A–T and G–C), holding the two strands of the DNA double helix together.
9. What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?
A. Energy production
B. DNA replication
C. Lipid synthesis
D. Waste removal
E. Protein synthesis
