PSYCH 347 EXAM QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026
Which of the following is not necessarily a part of the cycle of pathological drug use that can lead to
addiction? - Answers inability to show abstinence from the drug
The _______ model of addiction is based on the idea that brain dysfunction occurs as a result of
repeated drug exposure. - Answers disease
Which of the following best represents the involvement of epigenetics in the progression to
addiction? - Answers Environmental stimuli → acute drug exposure → epigenetic changes →
modified gene expression → repeated drug exposure/addiction
In general, the _______ of a substance is positively correlated with _______. - Answers addiction
potential; its speed of onset
Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of
_______ but not in the case of _______. - Answers cocaine; heroin
The DSM-5 identifies ______ as a maladaptive pattern of substance use that has continued for at least
12 months and that has led to significant impairment or distress, in combination with two or more
additional symptoms (including drug craving, tolerance, withdrawal, or difficulty quitting - Answers
substance use disorder
Most abused drugs act as _____, meaning that consuming the drug strengthens the probability of
making whatever preceding behavior was performed to get the drug happen again in the future -
Answers positive reinforcers
The statement "addiction is a heritable disorder" means that - Answers the susceptibility to addiction
is influenced by a large number of genes.
Changes in which two neurotransmitter systems are most likely involved in the hyperexcitability seen
during withdrawal from chronic alcohol? - Answers GABA and glutamate
Disulfiram makes consumption of alcohol unpleasant because it - Answers blocks the conversion of
acetaldehyde to acetic acid
Acute alcohol _______ the effectiveness of glutamate at NMDA receptors and _______ glutamate
release - Answers reduces; reduces
_______ are the two neurotransmitters most likely involved in the reinforcing effects of alcohol, with
extrasynaptic _______ likely also playing a role. - Answers Dopamine and the opioids; GABA
Tolerance to alcohol includes - Answers metabolic and pharmacodynamic tolerance
An intense withdrawal syndrome after long-term heavy drinking that includes irritability, convulsions,
and hallucinations would be considered - Answers delirium tremens
In general, the cellular effects of chronic alcohol on various neurotransmitter systems are _______ the
effects of acute alcohol administration. - Answers opposite to
The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome - Answers can be explained as a form of "rebound"
hyperactivity
Research suggests that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the
_______ that release _______ - Answers VTA; dopamine
The opioid propeptides - Answers are processed by proteases in both opiate and non-opioid peptides
Which of the following brain areas has not been implicated in the opiate withdrawal syndrome? -
Answers Frontal cortex
Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to - Answers suppression of the brain stem's
respiratory center
At low doses, opiates exert all of the following effects except for - Answers pupil dilation
Treatment programs for opiate addicts - Answers typically use methadone maintenance strategies.
Tolerance to opiate effects - Answers occurs rapidly for analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating
effects.opening; potassium
A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by
inhibiting - Answers GABA
Endorphins produce their inhibitory (hyper-polarizing) effect on post-synaptic neurons by _______ of
_______ channels in target neurons. - Answers opening; potassium
Amphetamines increase dopamine release into the synapse in part by - Answers reversing dopamine
transporters (DATs).
Psychostimulant injections - Answers have their reinforcing effects effectively blocked by 6-OHDA
lesions of the nucleus accumbens.
Which of the following is not necessarily a part of the cycle of pathological drug use that can lead to
addiction? - Answers inability to show abstinence from the drug
The _______ model of addiction is based on the idea that brain dysfunction occurs as a result of
repeated drug exposure. - Answers disease
Which of the following best represents the involvement of epigenetics in the progression to
addiction? - Answers Environmental stimuli → acute drug exposure → epigenetic changes →
modified gene expression → repeated drug exposure/addiction
In general, the _______ of a substance is positively correlated with _______. - Answers addiction
potential; its speed of onset
Dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is essential for drug reward in the case of
_______ but not in the case of _______. - Answers cocaine; heroin
The DSM-5 identifies ______ as a maladaptive pattern of substance use that has continued for at least
12 months and that has led to significant impairment or distress, in combination with two or more
additional symptoms (including drug craving, tolerance, withdrawal, or difficulty quitting - Answers
substance use disorder
Most abused drugs act as _____, meaning that consuming the drug strengthens the probability of
making whatever preceding behavior was performed to get the drug happen again in the future -
Answers positive reinforcers
The statement "addiction is a heritable disorder" means that - Answers the susceptibility to addiction
is influenced by a large number of genes.
Changes in which two neurotransmitter systems are most likely involved in the hyperexcitability seen
during withdrawal from chronic alcohol? - Answers GABA and glutamate
Disulfiram makes consumption of alcohol unpleasant because it - Answers blocks the conversion of
acetaldehyde to acetic acid
Acute alcohol _______ the effectiveness of glutamate at NMDA receptors and _______ glutamate
release - Answers reduces; reduces
_______ are the two neurotransmitters most likely involved in the reinforcing effects of alcohol, with
extrasynaptic _______ likely also playing a role. - Answers Dopamine and the opioids; GABA
Tolerance to alcohol includes - Answers metabolic and pharmacodynamic tolerance
An intense withdrawal syndrome after long-term heavy drinking that includes irritability, convulsions,
and hallucinations would be considered - Answers delirium tremens
In general, the cellular effects of chronic alcohol on various neurotransmitter systems are _______ the
effects of acute alcohol administration. - Answers opposite to
The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome - Answers can be explained as a form of "rebound"
hyperactivity
Research suggests that opiates exert their effects on reinforcement by affecting cell bodies in the
_______ that release _______ - Answers VTA; dopamine
The opioid propeptides - Answers are processed by proteases in both opiate and non-opioid peptides
Which of the following brain areas has not been implicated in the opiate withdrawal syndrome? -
Answers Frontal cortex
Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to - Answers suppression of the brain stem's
respiratory center
At low doses, opiates exert all of the following effects except for - Answers pupil dilation
Treatment programs for opiate addicts - Answers typically use methadone maintenance strategies.
Tolerance to opiate effects - Answers occurs rapidly for analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating
effects.opening; potassium
A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by
inhibiting - Answers GABA
Endorphins produce their inhibitory (hyper-polarizing) effect on post-synaptic neurons by _______ of
_______ channels in target neurons. - Answers opening; potassium
Amphetamines increase dopamine release into the synapse in part by - Answers reversing dopamine
transporters (DATs).
Psychostimulant injections - Answers have their reinforcing effects effectively blocked by 6-OHDA
lesions of the nucleus accumbens.
