MODULE 2 NUR 370 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

MODULE 2 NUR 370 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 How do Adrenergic Agonists and Nonselective Adrenergic Blockers differ? - Answers Agonists stimulate while blockers reduce sympathetic activity How do Alpha & Beta Adrenergic Agonists relate to the sympathetic nervous system? - Answers They mimic sympathetic nervous system activity How do Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics affect the autonomic nervous system? - Answers They alter the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses How do medications that reduce parasympathetic activity impact the autonomic nervous system? - Answers They alter the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work together? - Answers They balance each other to support survival and recovery, maintaining homeostasis. How does active immunity differ from passive immunity? - Answers Active immunity involves the body producing its own immune response, while passive immunity relies on antibodies from an outside source. How does acute pain manifest physiologically? - Answers It may involve rapid stress activation, increased physiologic response, and immediate protective adaptation responses. How does bradykinin contribute to the sensation of pain? - Answers Bradykinin stimulates nerve endings, directly contributing to pain sensation. How does chronic stress affect homeostasis? - Answers It challenges the body's ability to maintain homeostasis. How does histamine contribute to pain perception? - Answers Histamine contributes through vasodilation, increased blood flow, and increased capillary permeability. How does pannus affect cartilage in RA? - Answers It prevents nutrient delivery from synovial fluid to cartilage, leading to cartilage death. How does passive immunity differ from active immunity? - Answers Passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from an external source, while active immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies. How does the ANS contribute to homeostasis? - Answers By responding to physiological stressors and coordinating body adaptation to maintain internal stability. How does the ANS respond to stress? - Answers By activating protective responses and regulating homeostasis. How does the autonomic nervous system relate to GAS? - Answers It plays a major role in stress response and recovery mechanisms. How does the body misidentify immune complexes in RA? - Answers The body interprets them as non-self, leading to additional immune activation. How does the immune response contribute to homeostasis? - Answers Through pathogen recognition, immune activation, destruction of foreign material, and regulation of tissue protection. How does the skin protect against pathogens? - Answers It secretes chemicals that destroy pathogens and sheds daily to remove them. How long do neutrophils typically live? - Answers About 10 hours. What are A-delta fibers? - Answers Myelinated fibers that respond quickly to acute pain. What are Alpha & Beta Adrenergic Agonists used for? - Answers Sympathetic activation / physiologic stimulation What are Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics used for? - Answers To block or reduce parasympathetic nervous system activity What are C fibers? - Answers Unmyelinated fibers that conduct pain signals slowly and are associated with chronic pain. What are common side effects of Alpha & Beta Adrenergic Agonists? - Answers Excessive sympathetic-type activation manifestations What are complement proteins? - Answers Proteins that destroy antigens by altering cell membranes and increasing phagocytosis. What are interferons? - Answers Cytokines secreted by cells invaded by viruses that prevent viral replication and suppress tumor growth. What are leukocytes? - Answers White blood cells involved in the immune response. What are manifestations of parasympathetic nervous system activity? - Answers Restoration responses, recovery functions, and energy conservation. What are manifestations of sympathetic nervous system activation? - Answers Stress activation, rapid body adaptation, and protective response mechanisms. What are neutrophils? - Answers Phagocytic cells that destroy invaders in tissues. What are nociceptors? - Answers Specialized pain receptors that detect harmful stimuli What are Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agonists used for? - Answers To reduce or block adrenergic/sympathetic nervous system activity What are opioid receptors? - Answers Receptors in the CNS that respond to natural pain-relief chemicals like endorphins What are possible adverse effects of medications that decrease parasympathetic activity? - Answers Reduced restoration responses, recovery effects, energy-conservation functions, and altered homeostatic stabilization. What are potential side effects of alpha and beta adrenergic agonists? - Answers Increased physiologic activation and excessive stress-response manifestations. What are potential side effects of Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics? - Answers Reduced restoration responses and altered homeostatic stabilization What are potential side effects of Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agonists? - Answers Decreased physiologic activation and excessive reduction in sympathetic activity What are pyrogens and their effect? - Answers They drive fever, linking to systemic inflammation. What are some potential side effects of opioid agonists? - Answers Altered physiologic response, changes in adaptation activity, and effects related to medication receptor activation. What are the adverse effects of opioid agonists? - Answers Respiratory depression, hypotension, constipation, sedation, and cough suppression. What are the characteristics of acute pain? - Answers Recent onset, short duration (3 months), and consistent with sympathetic nervous system responses. What are the characteristics of chronic pain? - Answers Continuous or intermittent, lasting 3 months or more, and often associated with psychological components. What are the components of innate immunity? - Answers Barrier defenses, protein defenses, cellular defenses, and lymphoid tissues. What are the consequences of the vascular stage of inflammation? - Answers Increased blood and fluid movement into tissue, resulting in redness, warmth, swelling, and inflammatory congestion. What are the effects of Alpha & Beta Adrenergic Agonists? - Answers Increased physiologic response / adaptation What are the expected effects of medications that block parasympathetic activity? - Answers Reduced parasympathetic responses and altered autonomic nervous system balance. What are the expected pharmacologic effects of Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics? - Answers Reduced restoration and recovery functions What are the expected pharmacologic effects of opioid agonists? - Answers Reduced pain manifestations, altered pain perception, and reduced physiologic strain related to pain. What are the expected physiologic effects of medications that reduce parasympathetic activity? - Answers Reduced restoration responses, recovery functions, conservation of physiologic resources, and altered movement toward homeostasis. What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation? - Answers Pain (dolor), swelling (tumor), redness (rubor), warmth (calor), and loss of function. What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? - Answers Dolor (pain), Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Tumor (swelling) What are the goals of pain management in relation to homeostasis? - Answers Goals include preserving physiologic balance, supporting adaptation, reducing physiologic strain, and promoting restoration of equilibrium/homeostasis. What are the implications of excessive suppression of parasympathetic activity? - Answers It may worsen physiologic strain and impair homeostatic balance. What are the indications for using alpha and beta adrenergic agonists? - Answers To stimulate the sympathetic nervous system response when increased physiologic activation is needed. What are the key immune players involved in RA? - Answers T helper cells, antibodies, and cytokines. What are the main components involved in the experience of pain? - Answers Tissue injury, inflammatory mediator activation, stimulation of nerve endings, physiologic stress activation, sympathetic nervous system involvement. What are the main functions of monocytes and macrophages? - Answers They are phagocytic and destroy invaders in tissues while producing inflammatory mediators. What are the main players in adaptive immunity? - Answers B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. What are the manifestations associated with pain during inflammation? - Answers Pain perception, protective physiologic responses, stress activation, and sympathetic nervous system involvement. What are the manifestations of active immunity? - Answers Lymphocyte activation, antibody production, cytokine release, and formation of immunologic memory. What are the manifestations of acute stress? - Answers Stress activation, increased physiologic response, sympathetic nervous system activation. What are the manifestations of chronic stress? - Answers Continued physiologic adaptation, sustained sympathetic activation, and increased effort to maintain balance. What are the manifestations of homeostasis during the stress response? - Answers Physiologic adaptation, stress activation, protective body responses, and recovery mechanisms. What are the manifestations of the Alarm Phase? - Answers Stress activation, increased physiologic response, sympathetic activation. What are the manifestations of the Exhaustion Phase? - Answers Reduced adaptive capacity, inability to sustain protective responses, physiologic imbalance. What are the manifestations of the Resistance Phase? - Answers Continued physiologic adaptation and ongoing stress response activity. What are the pharmacologic effects of Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agonists? - Answers Reduced physiologic stimulation and stress-response activity What are the phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) related to acute stress? - Answers Alarm Phase, Resistance Phase, and Exhaustion Phase. What are the potential outcomes if stress persists? - Answers Physiologic exhaustion and compromised homeostasis. What are the risk factors for acute stress? - Answers Exposure to a stressor, physiologic threat, environmental demands, and situations requiring rapid adaptation. What are the risk factors for chronic stress? - Answers Persistent stressors, long-term environmental demands, and ongoing physiologic challenges. What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? - Answers Alarm Phase, Resistance Phase, Exhaustion Phase. What are the treatment focuses for managing pain? - Answers Reducing inflammatory activity, supporting recovery, and preserving physiologic balance. What are the treatment goals for managing chronic stress? - Answers Supporting homeostasis, recovery, and restoration of balance. What are the two major branches of the ANS? - Answers Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS). What are the types of pain receptors? - Answers Thermal, mechanical, and chemical receptors. What causes the cardinal sign 'Dolor'? - Answers Bradykinin, prostaglandins, and histamine What caution should be taken when using medications that suppress parasympathetic activity? - Answers Caution should be used in situations where recovery/restoration functions are important, as excessive reduction could impair homeostatic balance. What cautions should be taken when using opioid agonists? - Answers Caution in situations involving altered physiologic balance, excessive medication response, and undesirable physiologic effects from receptor activation. What cells are involved in active immunity? - Answers B cells and memory cells. What characterizes acute inflammation? - Answers It lasts from minutes to hours What characterizes chronic inflammation? - Answers It can last from days to years What characterizes chronic pain? - Answers It lasts for 3 months or more and is often not protective. What chemicals are released when tissues are damaged? - Answers Kinins and prostaglandins. What client education should be provided for Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics? - Answers Medication action, expected effects, and safety monitoring What distinguishes chronic pain from acute pain? - Answers Chronic pain is persistent, associated with ongoing inflammatory activity, and poses greater difficulty in maintaining homeostasis. What do B cells do? - Answers Identify specific antigens, form antigen-antibody complexes, and activate complement proteins. What do B lymphocytes produce? - Answers Antibodies. What do leukotrienes do during inflammation? - Answers They are involved in chemotaxis and leukocyte activation What do leukotrienes do in the immune response? - Answers They recruit immune cells toward the site of injury. What do plasma cells and memory cells produce? - Answers Plasma cells produce IgM, while memory cells produce IgG. What does 'Calor' refer to in the context of inflammation? - Answers Heat or warmth due to increased blood flow What does the cerebral cortex do in pain processing? - Answers It is where pain becomes consciously experienced and interpreted What does the kinin system produce and what is its significance? - Answers The kinin system produces bradykinin, which causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and pain production. What does the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) do? - Answers Distinguishes self cells from non-self cells; cells lacking MHC are destroyed. What does the parasympathetic nervous system primarily support? - Answers Restoration, recovery, and conservation of body resources. What does the term 'chemotaxis' refer to? - Answers The chemical attraction signal that recruits immune cells to the site of infection. What does the term 'physiologic adaptation' refer to? - Answers The body's ability to adjust its physiological processes in response to stressors. What does Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) do? - Answers Inhibits tumor growth and increases the effectiveness of immune and inflammatory responses. What educational points should be emphasized regarding homeostasis and recovery? - Answers Clients should understand the importance of supporting recovery, preserving physiologic balance, and reducing prolonged physiologic strain. What factors influence drug activity in pharmacodynamics? - Answers Receptor sensitivity, amount of chemical exposure, and duration of receptor activity.